1. General information
Location and description of the intervention
City or FUA
Bangalore
Region
Asia
Native title of the NBS intervention
एक बगीचे में टर्मिनल - बंगलौर हवाई अड्डा
Short description of the intervention
Kempegowda International Airport Bengaluru (KIAB)'s new terminal 2 is an environmentally friendly initiative that uses innovative methods to maintain ecological sustainability using native plants (Ref 1, 2). The terminal was built on four guiding principles: technology leadership, being a terminal within a garden, environmental and ecological stewardship, and a celebration of Karnataka’s rich heritage and culture. Through the "terminal within a garden" project, the aim was to create a calming and relaxing space for passengers using greenery for visual appeal as people pass through the airport (Ref 1). Hanging gardens, trees, and green walls are the primary nature-related features included in the terminal and an outdoor greenbelt around the terminal. The airport uses native plant species, including trees, flowering plants, and shrubs (Ref. 2).
The terminal area also includes water bodies, cascades, and miniature waterfalls to maintain the natural atmosphere. The terminal also has extensive rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge facilities (Ref 1). Other sustainable goals in the terminal area include energy saving, water conservation, waste management, and pollution control measures (Ref 2).
Address

Terminal 2
KIAL Rd, Devanahalli
Bangalore 560300
India

Area boundary
POINT (77.718764 13.198111)
POINT (77.718871 13.199469)
POINT (77.715191 13.1995)
POINT (77.715159 13.198121)
NBS area image
Source of NBS area image
https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/kia-t2-garden-bengaluru-airport-bangalore-city-terminal-2-kempe-gowda-international-kempegowda/article66144020.ece
Type of area before implementation of the NBS
Please specify “other type of area” before implementation of the NBS
Vacant land adjacent to Bangalore airport
Timeline of intervention
Start date of the intervention (planning process)
unknown
Start date of intervention (implementation process)
2018
End date of the intervention
2022
Present stage of the intervention
Goals of the intervention
Terminal 2 of the Kempegowda International Airport Bengaluru (KIAB) is designed with the goals of (Ref 1):
- transforming the airport into a model airport with ecological sustainability, with the "Terminal in a Garden" approach being designed to revive Bengaluru’s green identity
- creating a calming and relaxing ambience by using greenery for visual appeal
- use native plant species across the terminal building to represent the "Garden city" aspirations of Bangalore city
- rainwater harvesting to recharge lakes and provide benefits to local communities.

Other sustainability goals (Ref. 1):
- creating a low carbon footprint
- generate renewable energy
- minimum reliance on artificial lighting
Quantitative targets
Create a 24,000-square-meter outdoor “forest belt" (Ref 2)
Harvesting over 750 million litres of rainwater per annum (Ref 1)
Cater to 25 million passengers per annum (Ref 1)
Monitoring indicators defined
Unknwon
What types of restoration goals are / were defined for the NBS intervention?
Implementation activities
Implementation activities involved planting 6 Lakh (600 000) plants in the terminal, constructing a rainwater harvesting system, and creating groundwater recharge infrastructure (Ref 1). Plants were acclimatized to the building area during the construction phase of the terminal. Self-irrigation techniques were implemented to reduce the maintenance cost of the plants and keep minimal interference (Ref 5). More than 3600+ native plant species and 620 endemic plants was planted. (Ref 3, 5). An outdoor forest belt has 24,000 sq meters of landscape with "indigenous flora, multilevel meandering paths, and two-storey pavilions that are clad in bamboo and inspired by traditional Indian cane weavings." (Ref 2)
Additionally, the airport serves as a biodiversity hotspot with about 600-800-year-old trees, which were protected with this project.
Type of NBS project
NBS domain and interventions
Ecological domain(s) where the NBS intervention(s) is/are implemented
Nature in buildings (indoor)
Green walls and ceilings
Atriums/Courtyards
Nature on buildings (external)
Green walls or facades
Parks and urban forests
Green corridors and green belts
Please specify how many trees were planted
6 lakh plants, 3600+ Native plant species, 620 Endemic plants (Ref. 5)
Services
Expected ecosystem services delivered
Regulating services
Air quality regulation
Cultural services
Inspiration for culture, art and design
Recreation
Mental and physical health and wellbeing
Scale
Spatial scale
Micro-scale: District/neighbourhood level
Beneficiaries
Governance
Governance arrangements
Please specify the roles of the specific government and non-government actor groups involved in the initiative
The government initiated the plan while involving other actors to bring to life the initiative by designing and constructing the airport.
The design of the terminal was done by the Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) architectural company, and the civil construction contract was awarded to Larsen & Toubro. The Indian Institute of Sciences (a research institute based in Bangalore )studied sustainable methods for restoring water bodies in and around the airport. (Ref. 1, 6).
Key actors - initiating organization
Key actors - Other stakeholders involved (besides initiating actors)
National government
Local government/municipality
Researchers/university
Private sector/corporate actor/company
Participatory methods/forms of community involvement used
Policy drivers
NBS intervention implemented in response to an Regional Directive/Strategy
No
NBS intervention implemented in response to a national regulations/strategy/plan
No
NBS intervention implemented in response to a local regulation/strategy/plan
Unknown
Mandatory or voluntary intervention
Voluntary (spontaneous)
Enablers
Presence of specific city-level GI/NBS vision/strategy/plan - mentioned in connection to the project
Unknown
Presence of specific city-level GI/NBS section/part in a more general plan - mentioned in connection to the project
Unknown
Presence of city network or regional partnerships focused on NBS - mentioned in connection to the project
Unknown
Presence of GI / NBS research project - mentioned in connection to the project
Yes
Please specify
The airport management has engaged the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) to study the current scenario and suggest sustainable methods for the restoration of the water bodies included in the airport area (Ref. 1).
Subsidies/investment for GI / NBS in the city - mentioned in connection to the project
Unknown
Co-finance for NBS
No
Co-financing governance arrangements
No
Was this co-governance arrangement already in place, or was it set up specifically for this NBS?
Financing
What is/was the Cost/Budget (EUR) of the NBS or green infrastructure elements?
Unknown
What are the total amount of expected annual maintenance costs?
Unknown
What is the expected annual maintenance costs of the NBS or GI elements?
Unknown
Please specify cost savings
Unknown
Please specify total cost (EUR)
Approximately US$2.5 billion were invested into infrastructure expansions - including the "constructing of Terminal 2, a new runway and associated projects, with a firm focus on sustainability in design, construction and operation" (Ref. 1).
Source(s) of funding
Type of fund(s) used
Non-financial contribution
No
Business models
Which of the involved actors was motivated by this model?
Please specify technological innovation
The airport design and implementation is considered an innovative infrastructural initiative that transforms the typical airport into a sustainable model airport that establishes innovative methods for ecological sustainability (Ref. 1). "T2 is designed to provide an innovative airport experience, including calming gardens at areas of high stress, exciting gardens along the journey and restful gardens at waiting areas. " (Ref. 1)
Please specify novelty level of the innovation
"Bengaluru International Airport is a pioneer among airports in Asia with regard to sustainability." (Ref. 1). Although, the project is often compared to other sustainability-oriented airports, such as the airport in Singapore or Changi airports (Ref. 6). However, such comparisons also recognise the efforts of the Bangalore airport to include exotic trees and plants from other countries, this taking the "Indian airport experience to a new level" (Ref. 6).
Replicability/Transferability
Please specify Replicability/Transferability
Unknown
Impacts, benefits
Description of environmental benefits
-Increased protection of threatened species: When selecting the vegetation species to include in the project, attention was given to native species of trees, flowering trees and shrubs (Ref. 1). "The airport serves as a biodiversity hotspot with about 600-800-year-old trees, 180 rare, endangered, threatened species and bamboo cladding equivalent to 923 kilometres, bringing together the terminal in a garden." (Ref. 3)
-Improved stormwater management: The airport authorities recognise the high-intense water needs of their operation, and to counterbalance it there is an ongoing development of rainwater harvesting ponds – nearly 70 acres within the BLR Airport campus – that will create large water bodies to support the airport sustainability initiatives through harvesting over 750 million litres of rainwater per annum (Ref. 1) .
-Improved water quality: "The terminal, which will run entirely on renewable energy, will also capture, treat, and reuse rainwater from across the airport, and the indoor plantings and outdoor gardens are designed to only require the water that is harvested on site" (Ref. 2).
-Improved air quality: The initiative expects to have impacts on air quality through the landscaping and greenbelt development as initiatives that target reducing air, water and dust pollution (Ref. 1).
-Increased green space area & an Increased number of species present: The initiative includes the creation of an outdoor “forest belt" of 24,000-square-metre. It includes indigenous flora, multilevel meandering paths, and two-storey pavilions that are clad in bamboo and inspired by traditional Indian cane weavings. "The food and beverage areas will have scented plants, while the retail section will have lush green walls made of exotic creepers, hanging gardens, and water cascades" (Ref. 2).
The project resulted in planting 6 Lakh (600 000) plants inside the terminal, over 3600 native plant species, and 620 endemic plants (Ref 5).

Other impacts: The initial vision of the project was to make the airport 100% powered by renewable energy by 2020. "This initiative will result in a significant reduction of carbon emissions. To achieve this, we are generating our own power through solar energy and installing LEDs to reduce the dependence on non-renewable energy" (Ref. 1). The airport is estimated to save energy by 24.9% through the use of on-site solar panels and sky lighting (Ref. 3).
Economic impacts
Please specify other socio-cultural impact
Aesthetic benefits (Ref. 1)
Description of economic benefits
Unknown. Potential economic impacts are linked to the generation of solar energy and its related cost savings, although those are not directly related to actual NBS elements.
Description of social and cultural benefits
-Aesthetic benefits: "With lush greenery, both within and outside, T2 will be a visual delight." (...) "The outdoor garden will enhance the aesthetics while offering the feel of a natural forest that includes water bodies and natural topography." (Ref. 1)
-Improved mental health & Recreation: "T2 is designed to provide an innovative airport experience, including calming gardens at areas of high stress, exciting gardens along the journey and restful gardens at waiting areas" (Ref. 1).
-Promotion of cultural diversity & Protection of natural heritage: The airport management placed focus in selecting lakh plants from ten ecological habitats around the country, showcasing the biodiversity heritage of the country. Also, "Terminal 2 is also a visual delight with its art and decor elements and 60 artworks curated on the themes of Karnataka’s rich heritage and culture and Bharata Natayshastra’s naurasa, or nine emotions " (Ref. 3).
-Protection of historic and cultural landscape / infrastructure: "Terminal in a Garden", Terminal 2 is also described as a ‘sensorium of wonders’. It is not just a garden of ideas that connects employees with its destinations but also reflects Karnataka’s distinctive culture" (Ref. 6).
Type of reported impacts
Indicators
Number of rare, endangered, and threatened species (Ref. 3)
Million litres of rainwater per annum captured
Increase in green space area created (Ref. 1)
Analysis of specific impact categories
Job creation: The NBS created ...
Negative impacts: Did the project cause any problems or concerns?
No information was found regarding negative impacts of the project
COVID-19 pandemic
Unknown
Methods of impact monitoring
Process of recording NBS impacts
Methods used to evaluate the impacts of NBS
Evidence for use of assessment
Presence of an assessment, evaluation and/or monitoring process
Unknown
Presence of indicators used in reporting
No evidence in public records
Presence of monitoring/evaluation reports
No evidence in public records
Availability of a web-based monitoring tool
No
Impact assessment mechanism
Name of any specific impact assessment tools
Unknown
Use of GIS in mapping impacts
No
Citizen involvement
Citizens involvement in assessment/evaluation
No
Citizens involvement in the analysis of the assessment/evaluation
No
Follow-up to the evaluation / assessment
No
References
List of references
(1) Exploring Bengaluru’s sustainable garden terminal (no date), available at https://www.internationalairportreview.com/article/101813/bengaluru-garden-terminal-sustainability/ (accessed 25-02-2023)
(2) Phadnis, A 2022, How Bengaluru Airport's new terminal is like a walk in the garden, Business Standard, 25 February, viewed on 25 February 2023, https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/how-bengaluru-airport-s-new-terminal-is-like-a-walk-in-the-garden-122111100605_1.html
(3) Unknown, 2022, With six lakh plants, here’s what the new ‘garden’ terminal of Bengaluru’s Kempegowda Airport looks like, The Indian Express, November 14, viewed on 25 February 2023, https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/new-terminal-kempegowda-airport-sustainability-tech-art-culture-8267385/
(4) The Metro Rail Guy (2023), Bangalore Airport Terminal 2 – Design & Status, available at https://themetrorailguy.com/bangalore-bial-airport-terminal-status-update-news-plan-design/ (accessed 25-02-2023)
(5) Kempegowda International Airport (2023), Terminal 2 is a tribute to the Garden City of Bengaluru, available at https://www.bengaluruairport.com/terminal2/terminal-in-a-garden (accessed 25-02-2023)
(6) News18.com (2022) How Bengaluru’s Exotic New ‘Terminal in a Garden’ is Competing with Singapore’s Changi Airport. available at https://www.news18.com/news/india/how-bengalurus-exotic-new-terminal-in-a-garden-is-competing-with-singapores-changi-airport-6372877.html (accessed 13-03-2023)
Comments and notes
Additional insights
The terminal will run entirely on renewable energy (Ref 2).
Maintaining the health of 6 lakh plants (Ref 1)
Harvesting over 750 million liters of rainwater per annum (Ref 1)

Total area: 255000m2
Public Images
Image
Green walls at Bangalore airport
Green walls at Bangalore airport
https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/new-terminal-kempegowda-airport-sustainability-tech-art-culture-8267385/4/
Image
Miniature waterfall
Miniature waterfall
https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/new-terminal-kempegowda-airport-sustainability-tech-art-culture-8267385/4/
Image
Hanging gardens at Bangalore airport
Hanging gardens at Bangalore airport
https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/new-terminal-kempegowda-airport-sustainability-tech-art-culture-8267385/4/