1. General information
Location and description of the intervention
City or FUA
Bologna
Region
Europe
Native title of the NBS intervention
DICTAMNUS: Un progetto per la salvaguardia della biodiversità: conservazione integrata di una pianta rara e minacciata e dei suoi impollinatori naturali
Short description of the intervention
The project focuses on the conservation of a locally rare plant (Dictamnus albus L.) and the community of its natural pollinators. At present, European natural populations of Dictamnus albus are declining because of the scarcity of pollination service; in addition to this, suitable habitats (woodland fringes and clearings) are becoming rare due to land-use changes as a result of the abandonment of traditional agro-sylvo-pastoral activities. This project assesses these issues by re-introducing and monitoring the plant in its natural habitat while re-establishing a suitable habitat for the plants and their natural pollinators (1).
Address

Via Carlo Jussi, 171
40068 Località Farneto, San Lazzaro di Savena
Italy

Total area
48150.00m²
NBS area
34.00m²
Type of area before implementation of the NBS
Timeline of intervention
Start date of the intervention (planning process)
2011
Start date of intervention (implementation process)
2011
End date of the intervention
2015
Present stage of the intervention
Goals of the intervention
The main objectives of this project (LIFE09/NAT/IT000212) are to ensure the persistence of an isolated population of Dictamnus albus, located in a protected area (Parco Regionale dei Gessi Bolognesi e Calanchi dell’Abbadessa) included in the Natura2000 network (pSCI IT4050001) by re-creating an ideal habitat for the plants to thrive, and to restore the community of its natural pollinators (1).
Quantitative targets
The project considered the relationships linking flora, pollinators and their environment, which are currently threatened by various factors and problems (3).

E.1 Plant fitness monitoring;
E.2 Pollinator monitoring on the target plant;
E.3 Pollinator monitoring in the target area (1).
Monitoring indicators defined
- N° of wood clearings opened: 2.
- Intervention plot area: 34 sqm.
- N° of germinated seeds/species: 25.
- N° of planted individuals/species: 20.
- N° presentations across EU: 3.
- Technical manual: 1 (3).
What types of restoration goals are / were defined for the NBS intervention?
Implementation activities
At the beginning of the project the habitat will be managed in order to establish the best environmental condition for the future persistence of the target plant population. Two wood clearings of 16 square meters have been identified as suitable habitat for D. albus, and cleared in order to stimulate future plant reproduction.

During the first year (March-Sept 2011), seeds of other nectariferous species were collected, planted and germinated (Sept 2011- March 2012) at the Botanic Garden of Bologna (University of Bologna) in order to obtain adult individuals available for the following plantation. These plants were used to assure the presence of effective pollinators introduced in the target area.
For all the duration of the project, the fitness of the plant and the presence of its effective pollinators were monitored; pollinator insects in the target area were also monitored, to evaluate the impact of the intervention on the pollinating fauna (1).
NBS domain and interventions
Ecological domain(s) where the NBS intervention(s) is/are implemented
Parks and urban forests
Large urban parks or forests
Other
Please specify "other parks or (semi)natural urban green area"
The NBS was implemented in a national park, and 2 areas from this natural and national park were selected for the restoration of the Dictamnus plants. The name of the park is: Parco dei Gessi Bolognesi e Calanchi dell'Abbadessa
Vegetation Type
Amenities offered by the NBS
Services
Expected ecosystem services delivered
Regulating services
Pollination
Habitat and supporting services
Habitats for species
Maintenance of genetic diversity
Cultural services
Intellectual interactions (scientific and / or educational)
Scale
Spatial scale
Meso-scale: Regional, metropolitan and urban level
Beneficiaries
Primary Beneficiaries
Governance
Governance arrangements
Non-government actors
Researchers, university
Please specify the roles of the specific government and non-government actor groups involved in the initiative
Three institutions are involved in the PP-ICON project: Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna as Coordinating Beneficiary (Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Botanic Garden – Sistema Museale d’Ateneo), Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura(CRA, Unità di Apicoltura) and Fondazione Villa Ghigi as Associated Beneficiaries (1).
Key actors - initiating organization
Key actors - Other stakeholders involved (besides initiating actors)
Private foundation/trust
Researchers/university
Citizens or community group
Land owners
Participatory methods/forms of community involvement used
Policy drivers
NBS intervention implemented in response to an Regional Directive/Strategy
Yes
Please specify the "Regional Directive/Strategy"
LIFE+ Nature and Biodiversity (LIFE09/NAT/IT000212) supports projects that contribute to the implementation of the EU’s “Birds” (79/409/CEE) and “Habitats” (92/43/CE) Directives, the “Natura 2000” network of protected areas, and that contribute to the EU’s goal of halting the loss of biodiversity (1).
NBS intervention implemented in response to a national regulations/strategy/plan
Unknown
NBS intervention implemented in response to a local regulation/strategy/plan
Unknown
Mandatory or voluntary intervention
Voluntary (spontaneous)
Enablers
Presence of specific city-level GI/NBS vision/strategy/plan - mentioned in connection to the project
Unknown
Presence of specific city-level GI/NBS section/part in a more general plan - mentioned in connection to the project
Yes
Please specify the general plan with GI/NBS section
The pollination process and the restoring of specific wooden areas are NBS interventions, which are not explicitly identified like that in the plan (1 and 3).
If there is a relevant strategy or plan, please specify the theme / type of the plan.
Presence of city network or regional partnerships focused on NBS - mentioned in connection to the project
Yes
Please specify
The project was a result of a partnership between local universities and a private foundation (1 and 3).
Presence of GI / NBS research project - mentioned in connection to the project
Yes
Please specify
The project was part of the EU LIFE Project (1 and 3).
Subsidies/investment for GI / NBS in the city - mentioned in connection to the project
Yes
Please specify
Since this was a LIFE Project and focused on a Nature 2000 area, the EU financed € 300,966 (3).
Co-finance for NBS
Yes
Co-financing governance arrangements
Unknown
Was this co-governance arrangement already in place, or was it set up specifically for this NBS?
Financing
What is/was the Cost/Budget (EUR) of the NBS or green infrastructure elements?
Unknown
What are the total amount of expected annual maintenance costs?
Unknown
What is the expected annual maintenance costs of the NBS or GI elements?
Unknown
Please specify cost savings
Unknown
Please specify total cost (EUR)
€ 603,007 (3).
Source(s) of funding
Type of fund(s) used
Non-financial contribution
Yes
Type of non-financial contribution
Who provided the non-financial contribution?
Which of the involved actors was motivated by this model?
Type of innovation
Novelty level of the innovation
Please specify novelty level of the innovation
This is a pilot demonstration project (1).

The project led to the drafting of an initial checklist of wild pollinators for the Nature2000 site SICD ZPS IT4050001.The technical handbook offers a wealth of practical and operative indications (3).
Replicability/Transferability
Please specify Replicability/Transferability
The integrated techniques here proposed could be easily applied for the management of other european populations of Dictamnus albus, as well as for the conservation of several plant species and respective pollinators that are facing the same risks in Europe (1).
Impacts, benefits
Description of environmental benefits
The project accessed the relationships linking flora, pollinators and their environment, which are threatened in the project area by various factors and problems. By the end of the project, 25% of the artificial nests were successfully colonised by Osmia, Megachile and Xylocopa species all of which are very good pollinators for the target plant. (1)

The restoration actions carried out during the project effectively enriched the environmental mosaic and increased the natural population of dittany, several nectariferous plants and the community of wild pollinating insects. Thanks to the results of the project, the organization that manages parks and oversees biodiversity, the Ente di Gestione per i Parchi e la Biodiversità–Emilia Orientale, was given various indications to manage the woodland and meadowland habitats in the Farneto area, and they are applicable in general for the Bologna hillsides. These indications helped define the conservation measures in SICDZPS IT4050001 Gessi Bolognesi, Calanchi dell’Abbadessa and represent an important contribution to guarantee the proper ongoing protection of the ecological balances that link habitats with the species featured in this project (3).
Economic impacts
Description of economic benefits
Unknown
Description of social and cultural benefits
Events and other activities were organised to help disseminate the results of the project and to promote networking amongst people working in the field and stakeholders. Three scientific workshops were organised and attended by 174 people in total. Eight events were also organised for the local population and stakeholders. Finally, a Technical Handbook on plant conservation strategies was published in English and Italian and is available in printed or electronic format (1).
Citizens who own land bordering on the project area showed an interest in applying the taught practices (3).
Type of reported impacts
Indicators
The number of scientific workshops organised and participants (174 people in total);
% of the artificial nests successfully colonised by Osmi;
N° of wood clearings opened: 2.
Intervention plot area: 34 sqm.
N° of germinated seeds/species: 25.
N° of planted individuals/species: 20.
N° presentations across EU: 3. (3).
Analysis of specific impact categories
Job creation: The NBS created ...
Environmental justice: The implementation of the NBS project resulted in ...
Please specify other method used to evaluate the impacts of NBS
After the end of PP-Icon, the health of the D. albus populations targeted, the advancement of woodland fringes in the project area, and the status of the nectariferous plant populations that were introduced will be monitored by the project coordinator as part of institutional research activity. Further, the Conservation Measures and Management Plan of the Natura 2000 site now contains advice provided by beneficiaries to help the conservation of the target species and its pollinators. (1)
Negative impacts: Did the project cause any problems or concerns?
No information was found regarding negative impacts of the project
COVID-19 pandemic
Unknown as of July 2020.
Methods of impact monitoring
Evidence for use of assessment
Presence of an assessment, evaluation and/or monitoring process
Yes
Presence of indicators used in reporting
Yes
Presence of monitoring/evaluation reports
Yes
Availability of a web-based monitoring tool
Yes
Impact assessment mechanism
Name of any specific impact assessment tools
Census of the plants and the wild pollinators species (9).
Use of GIS in mapping impacts
No evidence in public records
Citizen involvement
Citizens involvement in assessment/evaluation
Yes
Mode(s) of citizen involvement in evaluation/assessment
Citizens involvement in the analysis of the assessment/evaluation
Unknown
Follow-up to the evaluation / assessment
Yes
Please specify
Since the successful impact of the NBS, project partners are currently focusing on maintenance and monitoring of the area, while educating citizens and involving them in activities to understand the importance of the plants and wild pollinators (9).
References
Documents relevant to the intervention
Attachment Size
(4) Scientific paper on pollination effects (588.71 KB) 588.71 KB
List of references
1. Universita di Bologna (no date), PP-ICON - Plant-Pollinator Integrated CONservation approach: a demonstrative proposal, Available at https://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.dspPage&n_proj_id=3790 (Accessed 19-6-2020)

2. Galloni, M., Bertolotti, L. (2014), Results and good practices of the project Life+ PP-ICON (includes timetable), Available at https://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.showFile&rep=file&fil=PP-ICON_Presentation_Galloni_Bortolotti_EN.pdf (Accessed 19-6-2020)

3. Univerita di Bologna (2015), Plant Pollinator Integrated CONservation approach: a demonstrative proposal (final report), Available at https://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.showFile&rep=file&fil=LIFE09_NAT_IT_000212_FTR.pdf (Accessed 19-6-2020)

4. Bortolotti et al (2016), Conservation Evidence ( Scientific paper on pollination effects) Uploaded pdf

5. Universita di Bologna (no date), Leaflet, Available at https://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.showFile&rep=file&fil=PP-ICON-Leaflet_IT.pdf (Accessed 19-6-2020)

6. Universita di Bologna (2015), Final Report Covering the project activities from 01/01/2011 to 30/06/2015, After-Life communication Plan, Available at https://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.showFile&rep=file&fil=LIFE09_NAT_IT_000212_AfterLIFE_IT.pdf (Accessed 19-6-2020)

7. Universita di Bologna (2015), Technical report, Available at https://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.showFile&rep=file&fil=LIFE09_NAT_IT_000212_FTR.pdf (Accessed 19-6-2020)

8. YouTube (2015), Dissemination video of the European LIFE+Project PP-ICON (Plant-Pollinator Integrated CONservation approach: a demonstrative proposal - LIFE09/NAT/IT000212, Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0d2Ze5G5pow (Accessed 19-6-2020)

9. Universita di Bologna et al (no date), Layman’s report, Available at https://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.showFile&rep=file&fil=LIFE09_NAT_IT_000212_LAYMAN.pdf, (Accessed 19-6-2020)
Comments and notes
Additional insights
Commonly known as dittany or “burning bush”, Dictamnus albus L. is a long-lived perennial herb belonging to the family Rutaceae, ad is characterized by thick storage roots. The potential lifespan of an individual is estimated to be at least 30 years. Each individual usually produces one stem that bears many white-purple flowers, on a long raceme. Flowering begins after 5-7 years and occurs between the end of April and May. Fruits are star-shaped capsules composed of 5 carpels; the black pear-shaped seeds are dispersed autonomously, with a maximum dispersal distance of approximately 4 m.

Like most species of Rutaceae (e.g. rue and citruses), plants ofD. albus are characterized by oils, which are found both in leaves and in oil glands disposed throughout the stem and flowers. Handling plant may cause skin irritation or allergic reaction.

Typical habitat of D. albus is found at the fringes between woodlands and (semi)natural grasslands, or within open oak forests, in the southern warm-temperate regions of Europe and Central and Eastern Asia. In Italy, D. albus reaches its distribution limit: in Emilia-Romagna this species is present with isolated populations. Threats to future persistence of populations of D. albus are associated mainly to the enlargement of wood and its progressive closure, as a consequence of recent human changes in land-use; moreover, suitable habitats are rare, often separated from each other by significant distances, and usually surrounded by agricultural landscapes. In addition to these risk factors, recent studies showed that seed output is pollen-limited, indicating a deficit in pollinator service.

While not threatened at global level, D. albus is considered rare: it has been designated as “vulnerable” and it is locally protected in many European Countries (Italy, France, Germany, Spain, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland). The wild bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) are a great and various group of insects, very meaningful for the preservation of all the ecosystems. In fact they provide for pollen transfer, thus undertaking the production of fruits, seeds, fodder, and the conservation of natural habitats. Presently, many wild bees are threatened by human activities. Consequently, some initiatives have been undertaken, such as specific funding schemes for research projects, aiming to enhance the knowledge and improve measures of protection of the wild bees (1).
Public Images
Image
DICTAMNUS LIFE09/NAT/IT000212 (2012)
DICTAMNUS LIFE09/NAT/IT000212 (2012)
Photographer: Francesca Rovetti, retrieved 07/27/2018 from Marta Galloni
Image
DICTAMNUS LIFE09/NAT/IT000212 (2015)
DICTAMNUS LIFE09/NAT/IT000212 (2015)
Photographer: Laura Bortolotti, retrieved 07/27/2018 from Marta Galloni
Image
DICTAMNUS LIFE09/NAT/IT000212 (2013)
DICTAMNUS LIFE09/NAT/IT000212 (2013)
Photographer: Francesca Rovetti, retrieved 07/27/2018 from Marta Galloni