1. General information
Location and description of the intervention
City or FUA
Kampala
Region
Africa
Short description of the intervention
Kampala called ‘The Green town’ its capital and the most important city in Uganda. The town nearing the Lake Victoria into the South, depicts both colonial and contemporary architecture and has a population of approximately 2 million people, spread over 21 slopes. The city also has a continuous flux of human capital (caused by the effects of climate change- e.g. droughts, erratic rains) from the country's rural regions which puts a tremendous amount of pressure on the environment, through inefficient resources and unstastainable settlement patterns. As a response, the city of Kampala tried to address climate change mitigation by initiating a large tree planting project in Kampala and its outskirts. (1,2) The plan identified “proper management of urban natural assets” and the planting of 500,000 trees as ways for Kampala to become a lower carbon and more climate-resilient city. One of its desired impacts was “increased green spaces and trees in households for improved health and income”. (3)
Address

Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA) City Hall, Plot 1-3, Apollo Kaggwa Road PO BOX 7010 Kampala
Kampala
Uganda

Type of area before implementation of the NBS
Timeline of intervention
Start date of the intervention (planning process)
2010
Start date of intervention (implementation process)
2016
End date of the intervention
ongoing
Present stage of the intervention
Goals of the intervention
In 2016, Uganda joined several countries in signing the Paris Agreement. At the national level, the government was committed to addressing the challenge of climate change. The consequences of climate change mean that the city is more exposed to certain risks and disasters, such as floods and heat hotspots as the temperatures rise. At the local level, the city decided to tackle the following goals:
1. To Increase green spaces and trees in households for improved health & income,
2. To reduce disaster exposure & lower costs for risk/disaster management,
3. To build climate resilient infrastructure and aid with carbon sequestration,
4. To enhance biodiversity, trought urban forestry that can pave the way for a return of animals in the city, mainly primates. The return of animals such as primates and other medium sized animals redefines the urban space and can be a practical strategy for living in harmony with nature in cities such as Kampala.
5. The greening activity is part of the effort to build climate resilience in the city, which has been envisaged to have multiple benefits. Green cover would enhance aesthetics, reduce flash floods through increased infiltration, and sequester greenhouse gases.(1,2,3,4)
Quantitative targets
1. Supporting 300,000 people to reduce exposure to climate hazards
2. Planting 500,000 trees - street, park, and household
3. Increasing from 13 trees/acre to 50 trees/acre
4. Sequestering 1,172 mtCO2. of carbon/a year.
5. Pricing a tree for 1.3 mil. Ugandan shillings (360 USD) - fee as to spot the cutting
6. Planting a wide variety of tree species: fruits (avocado, banana, mango), medicinal tree Prunus africana, Canarium schweinfurthii (Muwafu), a towering indigenous fruit tree), and Entandrophragma angolense, an even larger – up to 50 metres tall – deciduous forest tree. (1,2,3)
Monitoring indicators defined
Number of people targeted by the project
Number of trees planted
mtCo2 per year sequestread
Amount of fees to be implemented fo wood cutt illegally
Number of trees per acre to be planted
Types of trees to be planted (1,2,3)

Climate change mitigation: What were the goals of the NBS?
Climate change mitigation: What activities are implemented to realize the conservation goals and targets?
What types of restoration goals are / were defined for the NBS intervention?
What activities are implemented to realize the restoration goals and targets?
Implementation activities
The project started in 2016. The team used aerial and satellite images and Open Foris Collect, Arc GIS and Open Street Map software technology. It logged 23 parameters, including tree species, location, GPS coordinates, height, diameter at breast height, crown diameter, and health condition. An audit was conducted and based on it local communities were committed to plant seddlings that were grown in local nusrseries. 25 precincts were audited. The aims is to plant more indigenous trees “for their aesthetic, food and medicinal values and their urban cooling and air quality improvement effects.” (3)
Type of NBS project
NBS domain and interventions
Ecological domain(s) where the NBS intervention(s) is/are implemented
Grey infrastructure featuring greens
Alley or street trees and other street vegetation
Parks and urban forests
Pocket parks/neighbourhood green spaces
Vegetation Type
Please specify how many trees were planted
500,000 (1)
Amenities offered by the NBS
Services
Expected ecosystem services delivered
Provisioning services
Medicinal resources
Regulating services
Local climate regulation (temperature reduction)
Air quality regulation
Carbon storage/sequestration
Habitat and supporting services
Habitats for species
Cultural services
Aesthetic appreciation
Scale
Spatial scale
Meso-scale: Regional, metropolitan and urban level
Beneficiaries
Governance
Governance arrangements
Please specify the roles of the specific government and non-government actor groups involved in the initiative
In 2010, KCCA Act was passed by the Parliament of Uganda leading to the creation of Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA). The project was developed by the Kampala Municipality as the owner and initiator. Later on in the project, EU funding was added. (3,5)
Key actors - initiating organization
Key actors - Other stakeholders involved (besides initiating actors)
National government
Local government/municipality
Citizens or community group
EU body
Policy drivers
NBS intervention implemented in response to an Regional Directive/Strategy
No
Please specify the "Regional Directive/Strategy"
This project was not necessarly a response to an EU Directive however it is to be mentioned that in 2016, Uganda joined several countries in signing the Paris Agreement. It is also a response to the Adaptation of the “United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change” (UNFCC) (2)
NBS intervention implemented in response to a national regulations/strategy/plan
Yes
Please specify the national regulations/strategy/plan
At a national level it is based on:
National Climate Change Policy, 2013
National Strategy and Action Plan to strenghthen human resources and skills to advance green, low emission and climate resilient development in Uganda 2013 - 2022
Uganda’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, UNFCC 2015 (2)
NBS intervention implemented in response to a local regulation/strategy/plan
Yes
Please specify the "local regulation/strategy/plan"
At a local level the strategy is based on:
KCCA Strategic Plan 2014 - 2019
Kampala Climate Change Action Strategy
The Kampala Climate Change Action Strategy is aligned to the KCCA 5 year Strategic Plan whose vision is to transform Kampala into a vibrant, attractive and Sustainable City. The strategy is also contributing to the goals of the Uganda Vision 2040, the National Development Plan II, the National Climate Change Policy & Strategy and the 2nd National Communication (INDC) and Uganda’s commitment to the Paris Agreement.
(2)
Mandatory or voluntary intervention
Mandatory (based on policy)
Enablers
Presence of specific city-level GI/NBS vision/strategy/plan - mentioned in connection to the project
Yes
Please specify
The Kampala Climate Change Action Strategy is aligned to the KCCA 5 year Strategic Plan whose vision is to transform Kampala into a vibrant, attractive and Sustainable City. (2)
Presence of specific city-level GI/NBS section/part in a more general plan - mentioned in connection to the project
Yes
Please specify the general plan with GI/NBS section
The Kampala Climate Change Action Strategy is aligned to the KCCA 5 year Strategic Plan whose vision is to transform Kampala into a vibrant, attractive and Sustainable City. The strategy is also contributing to the goals of the Uganda Vision 2040, the National Development Plan II, the National Climate Change Policy & Strategy and the 2nd National Communication (INDC) and Uganda’s commitment to the Paris Agreement. (2)
Presence of city network or regional partnerships focused on NBS - mentioned in connection to the project
Yes
Please specify
Under the European Union Covenant of Mayors for Sub Saharan Africa (EU-CoM SSA), Kampala Cityand other co-beneficiaries (Kasese and Entebbe Municipalities) were recipients of donor funding . (5)
Presence of GI / NBS research project - mentioned in connection to the project
Unknown
Subsidies/investment for GI / NBS in the city - mentioned in connection to the project
Yes
Please specify
Researchers from the University of Bangor conducted a study in the area related to the project: Greening the Green City: Selection of fruit tree species in Kampala in public and private space. / Arponen, Joukje; Mollee, Eefke; McDonald, Morag. (6)
Co-finance for NBS
Yes
Co-financing governance arrangements
Unknown
Was this co-governance arrangement already in place, or was it set up specifically for this NBS?
Financing
Total cost
What is/was the Cost/Budget (EUR) of the NBS or green infrastructure elements?
Unknown
What are the total amount of expected annual maintenance costs?
Unknown
What is the expected annual maintenance costs of the NBS or GI elements?
Unknown
Please specify cost savings
Unknown
Please specify total cost (EUR)
The costs are not mentioned however it is indicated that under the European Union Covenant of Mayors for Sub Saharan Africa (EU-CoM SSA), Kampala Cityand other co-beneficiaries (Kasese and Entebbe Municipalities) were recipients of donor funding .(5)
Non-financial contribution
Yes
Type of non-financial contribution
Which of the involved actors was motivated by this model?
Type of innovation
Please specify social innovation
I'd argue that the innovation is one at the policy level, as its creation and implementation is from the top level structures with the aim of creating an enviornment in which primates might make a return in the cities. The return of animals such as primates and other medium sized animals redefines the urban space and can be a practical strategy for living in harmony with nature in cities such as Kampala. (1)
Please specify novelty level of the innovation
There weren't indications that this innovation was derived from other projects.
Replicability/Transferability
Please specify Replicability/Transferability
There weren't indications that showed there was a desire to replicate the project.
Impacts, benefits
Please specify other economic impact
Generation of more funding for urban reforestation projects.
Description of environmental benefits
Increased green area and species present: According to a report from the Kampala Capital City Authority, 1,625 ha of forestry has been transformed, with 53,268 trees that have been assessed of 328 species. (5)
Reduced emissions: It is expected that the project will help with a 22% reduction in emissions.
Lowered temperature: It is also expected that the project will contribute to the levelling down of air temperature in the city and try to stay below the target of 1.5 degrees established by the IPCC in regards to global warming(2)
Reduced biodiversity loss: The project aims to enhance biodiversity and urban pollinators as one representative says “People only know the marabout storks that nest in Kampala, but there are many birds in Kampala that need different trees. And bats come to feed on the Ficus sycomorus. People plant exotic palms, but we are discouraging them. There are very many other trees.” (3)
The following species are kept in the nurseries: the medicinal tree Prunus africana, Canarium schweinfurthii (Muwafu), a towering indigenous fruit tree), and Entandrophragma angolense, an even larger – up to 50 metres tall – deciduous forest tree. (3)
Ficus sycomorus in the Kampala Capital City Authority grounds is a hive of biodiversity. There are wasps (its pollinators) and a myriad of birds, bats and other small mammals. (3)
Economic impacts
Please specify other socio-cultural impact
One of the sources mentions that prior to the action there was a concern displayed by the Municipality of Kampala as most of the trees in the hilltops were cut down. As such, with this project the Municipality aims to create not only awarness but also aims to fine people who go against the policy. (3)
Description of economic benefits
The project team has been prodigious in producing foundational documents for Kampala’s tree future. The city now has a draft Urban Forestry Management Plan and a draft Kampala Urban Green Infrastructure Ordinance.The ordinance proposes tax breaks to incentivize land and plot owners to keep and plant trees. (3)
Description of social and cultural benefits
To sensitize the public on urban forestry, the city Authority has developed the country’s first online tree and palm directory. This enables the public to identify trees and learn more about their benefits and how to propagate them. It also helps the Landscaping Unit to track each tree. (3)
Type of reported impacts
Indicators
Number of trees planted,
Species of planted trees,
Amount of emissions reduced (3,5)
Analysis of specific impact categories
Job creation: The NBS created ...
Please specify other method used to evaluate the impacts of NBS
There was an audit conducted. The audit was arduous. The team used aerial and satellite images and Open Foris Collect, Arc GIS and Open Street Map software technology. It logged 23 parameters, including tree species, location, GPS coordinates, height, diameter at breast height, crown diameter, and health condition. (3)
Negative impacts: Did the project cause any problems or concerns?
Yes
What problem or concern was identified with the implementation of the NBS?
Please specify the negative impacts
The idea that primates might return to the city created some concerns. Though this may not be seen as an opportunity by many, the ecological benefits of primates in the city outweighs the risks associated with an increased number of primates.

Living in harmony would be supported by targeted greening that includes planting trees that provide food for the primates while creating corridors that can enable migration, access to water, and a variety of food between lowland forests and hilltop forests. Given that Kampala lies in a tropical zone that receives substantive rainfall, the current small population of primates is likely to multiply, but attraction from nearby forest zones will also increase the primates in the city. (1)
Covid19 has not been an issue for the project, and one source mentions that transforming (therefore preparing for future planting) some streets in the city by pedestriazation reduced business in 2020 and not Covid. (3)
COVID-19 pandemic
Covid19 has not been an issue for the project, and one source mentions that transforming (therefore preparing for future planting) some streets in the city by pedestriazation reduced business in 2020 and not Covid. (3)
Methods of impact monitoring
Evidence for use of assessment
Presence of an assessment, evaluation and/or monitoring process
Yes
Presence of indicators used in reporting
Yes
Presence of monitoring/evaluation reports
No evidence in public records
Availability of a web-based monitoring tool
No evidence in public records
Impact assessment mechanism
Name of any specific impact assessment tools
Unknown
Use of GIS in mapping impacts
Yes
Citizen involvement
Citizens involvement in assessment/evaluation
Yes
Mode(s) of citizen involvement in evaluation/assessment
Citizens involvement in the analysis of the assessment/evaluation
Unknown
Follow-up to the evaluation / assessment
Unknown
References
Documents relevant to the intervention
Attachment Size
Kampala Green Agenda 2020 (4.48 MB) 4.48 MB
Study on the trees to be planted (1.81 MB) 1.81 MB
List of references
1. Smart Cities Dive (no date), Count Me In: Urban Greening and the Return of Primates in Kampala, available at https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/count-me-urban-greening-and-return-primates-kampala/1085536/ (accesssed 12-03-2022)
2. Kampala City Authority (2016), Kampala Climate Change Action, available at https://www.kcca.go.ug/uDocs/Kampala-Climate-Change-Action.pdf (accessed 12-03-2022)
3. The Voice of Conservation in East Africa (2021), Astounding Progress: Kampala’s Plan for Trees, available at https://swara.co.ke/astounding-progress-kampalas-plan-for-trees/ (accessed 12-03-2022)
4. Arponen, Joukje; Mollee, Eefke; McDonald, Morag (2019), Greening the Green City: Selection of fruit tree species in Kampala in public and private space, available at https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/researchoutputs/greening-the-green-city-selection-of-fruit-tree-species-in-kampala-in-public-and-private-space(95dd385c-7b65-414b-9fed-815125aeb7db)/export.html#export (accessed 12-03-2022)
5.Kampala City Authority (2020), Kampala Green Agenda, Attached, (accessed 12-03-2022)
Comments and notes
Public Images
Image
Ficus sycomorus in the Kampala Capital City
Tree 1
https://swara.co.ke/astounding-progress-kampalas-plan-for-trees/
Image
 Ficus sycomorus tree in Kampala
Tree 2
https://swara.co.ke/astounding-progress-kampalas-plan-for-trees/
Image
An Entandophragma angolense tree in the Ugandan capital.
Tree 3
https://swara.co.ke/astounding-progress-kampalas-plan-for-trees/