1. General information
Location and description of the intervention
City or FUA
Málaga
Region
Europe
Native title of the NBS intervention
Reforestacion del Cinturon Verde de Malaga.
Short description of the intervention
The project is the reforestation of the peri-urban parks of the city of Malaga in order to make the city greener while adhering to the dry and hot climactic condition of the region. It consists of phases, where native trees to the region were planted totaling over 50 000 new trees in the city. (ref 1-10)
Address

Camino de los Almendrales
Malaga
Spain

Type of area before implementation of the NBS
Please specify “other type of area” before implementation of the NBS
peri-urban area (3); mountains (ref 3,5)
Timeline of intervention
Start date of the intervention (planning process)
2015
Start date of intervention (implementation process)
2016
End date of the intervention
ongoing
Present stage of the intervention
Goals of the intervention
This intervention aims to make Malaga a green city, adhering to the climatic conditions of the region. (ref 2) The principal goal is the reforestation and planting in the peri-urban parks of Malaga. (ref 1), in order to address issues such as:
- Landscape quality of peri-urban environments (ref 5)
- Erosion reduction (ref 5)
- CO2 mitigation (ref 8)
- Flood Protection (ref 7,8)
Quantitative targets
Phase 1 (2016): 25 000 trees (ref 3)
Phase 2 (2018): 19 280 trees (ref 3)
1 million seeds planted over a surface of 250 000 m2 (ref 3)
New Phase (2019): Plant 65 000 new trees in Malaga in 4-year period (ref 8)
Monitoring indicators defined
Number of trees (ref 2, 3); Number of seeds (ref 3); Planted area [m2] (ref 3)
Climate change adaptation: What were the goals of the NBS?
Climate change adaptation: What activities are implemented to realize the conservation goals and targets?
Climate change mitigation: What were the goals of the NBS?
Climate change mitigation: What activities are implemented to realize the conservation goals and targets?
Please specify "other Habitats and biodiversity conservation activity"
- Erosion reduction (ref 5)
Habitats and biodiversity conservation: What types of conservation goals are / were defined for the NBS intervention?
Please specify "other Habitats and biodiversity restoration activity"
Participatory plantings to reforest areas of Benahavís, Riogordo and Gaucín, as an effort to raise awareness on vegetation and the natural environment and to contribute to reforestation of degraded areas (ref 10)
What types of restoration goals are / were defined for the NBS intervention?
Implementation activities
2016, the first part of phase one of the project was the planting of 5000 trees in the Camino de los Almendrales park at the foot of Mount Victoria. (ref 3)

Phase 1 aims to plant 25 000 trees in the Canaveral, Las Virreinas, and Ciudad de Malaga Parks. (ref 3)

Phase 2 aims to plant 19 280 trees in the forest parks of Monte Victoria; San Antón; Lagarillo Blanco Forest Park; Malaga City Forest Park; La Concepción Forest Park; Churriana forest areas; Mount La Pelusa; and east side of Monte Coronado (ref 1,3,5)

Additionally, 1M seeds will be planted in peri-urban parks in an area of 250 000 square meters (ref 3)

Species include stone pine, carob, holm oak, wild olive, and almond. (ref 3,5)

“Prior preparation of the ground has been performed for the intervention, with manual hole digging to lay the seedlings, trying to take advantage of areas where we can work more easily, looking for holes among the rocky areas and respecting other tree and shrub species already present . The plantation is developed using manual techniques as well.” (ref 3)

Use of seedling protection made of biodegradable material, affixed to ground via bamboo poles and a layer of soil on the seedling, enabling seedling to remain aerated in the summer (ref 6)

(proposed) Use of control and monitoring systems for planted species (ref 8)

Participatory plantings to reforest areas of Benahavís, Riogordo and Gaucín, as an effort to raise awareness on vegetation and the natural environment and to contribute to reforestation of degraded areas (ref 10)
NBS domain and interventions
Ecological domain(s) where the NBS intervention(s) is/are implemented
Parks and urban forests
Large urban parks or forests
Pocket parks/neighbourhood green spaces
Green corridors and green belts
Vegetation Type
Please specify how many trees were planted
Over 50 000 (ref 8)
Please specify other amenities offered by the NBS
(proposed) Use of control and monitoring systems for planted species (ref 8)
Amenities offered by the NBS
Services
Expected ecosystem services delivered
Provisioning services
Raw materials
Regulating services
Carbon storage/sequestration
Flood regulation
Habitat and supporting services
Habitats for species
Maintenance of genetic diversity
Cultural services
Tourism
Aesthetic appreciation
Recreation
Scale
Spatial scale
Meso-scale: Regional, metropolitan and urban level
Beneficiaries
Please specify "other primary beneficiary"
stone pine, carob, holm oak, wild olive, and almond trees (ref 3,5)
Governance
Governance arrangements
Please specify the roles of the specific government and non-government actor groups involved in the initiative
Ayuntamiento de Malaga (local government)- main initiator and promoter of project. (ref 3,5)
Floragreen (company) - which received award for executing project work. (ref 5)
Andalusian Parliament (regional government) – joined later in project (2019), as promoter of project, approved ‘Proposición No de Ley ’, which would revive the neglected regional plan to reforest the peri-urban belt of Malaga (through decree 119/1990 in response to the 1989 floods) (ref 8)
Citizens – participants of newer reforestation efforts (2019) (ref 10)
Key actors - initiating organization
Land owners
Key actors - Other stakeholders involved (besides initiating actors)
Regional government
Local government/municipality
Private sector/corporate actor/company
Citizens or community group
Land owners
Participatory methods/forms of community involvement used
Policy drivers
NBS intervention implemented in response to an Regional Directive/Strategy
Unknown
NBS intervention implemented in response to a national regulations/strategy/plan
Unknown
NBS intervention implemented in response to a local regulation/strategy/plan
Yes
Please specify the "local regulation/strategy/plan"
Plan of Urban Organization of the City of Malaga, a document that outlines the actions and strategies for urban development of the city at a given time. (ref 4)
"This initiative complies with the agreement reached by the municipal groups of the PP and Citizens for the approval of the accounts of the City of Malaga for 2016." (ref 2)
Mandatory or voluntary intervention
Voluntary (spontaneous)
Enablers
Presence of specific city-level GI/NBS vision/strategy/plan - mentioned in connection to the project
Unknown
Presence of specific city-level GI/NBS section/part in a more general plan - mentioned in connection to the project
Yes
Please specify the general plan with GI/NBS section
Plan of Urban Organization of the City of Malaga, a document that outlines the actions and strategies for urban development of the city at a given time. (ref 4)
If there is a relevant strategy or plan, please specify the theme / type of the plan.
Please specify other vegetation type
Species include stone pine, carob, holm oak, wild olive, and almond. (ref 3,5)
seedlings; holes among the rocky areas and respecting other tree and shrub species already present (Ref 3)
seedling protection made of biodegradable material, affixed to ground via bamboo poles and a layer of soil on the seedling (ref 6)
vegetation and the natural environment ; reforestation of degraded areas (ref 10)
Presence of city network or regional partnerships focused on NBS - mentioned in connection to the project
Unknown
Presence of GI / NBS research project - mentioned in connection to the project
Unknown
Subsidies/investment for GI / NBS in the city - mentioned in connection to the project
Yes
Please specify
The cost of the project is being carried by the City. (ref 3)
Potential funding from regional government given recent approval of reforestation task (ref 8,9)
Co-finance for NBS
Unknown
Co-financing governance arrangements
Unknown
Was this co-governance arrangement already in place, or was it set up specifically for this NBS?
Financing
What is/was the Cost/Budget (EUR) of the NBS or green infrastructure elements?
240 000 (Ref 3)
What are the total amount of expected annual maintenance costs?
Unknown
What is the expected annual maintenance costs of the NBS or GI elements?
Unknown
Please specify cost savings
Unknown
Please specify total cost (EUR)
Phase 1: 119.998,4 euros (ref 2)
Phase 2: 100 000 euro (projected) (ref 3)
Alongside the project is 21 780 euro for 1 million seeds to also be planted (ref 3)
Sum of these figures: 241 778 (appx 240 000 euros)
Source(s) of funding
Type of fund(s) used
Non-financial contribution
Yes
Type of non-financial contribution
Please specify other Business model
Urban regeneration (1,2)
Please specify other environmental impact
Reduction of erosion (ref 5); Improvement of hydrological cycle (ref 5)

Which of the involved actors was motivated by this model?
Type of innovation
Please specify technological innovation
The process of plant identification and times chosen for planting are highly conscious of the climactic aspects of the region in order to maximize the success of the project. (ref 2)
Novelty level of the innovation
Please specify novelty level of the innovation
unknown
Replicability/Transferability
Please specify Replicability/Transferability
unknown
Impacts, benefits
Description of environmental benefits
Achieved Impacts:
Reforestation, Species Diversity:
- Total of more than 50 000 trees planted across two phases (ref 8)
- Phase 1: varying success – Monte Victoria: 5% survival rate for pine trees; Malaga City Park: 30% wild olive and carob trees, 25% holm oaks, 20% pine trees; Canaveral: 95% wild olive trees, 77.5% holm oaks, 90% carob trees; Virreina: 50% wild olive trees, 40% carob trees, 20% holm oaks (ref 7)
- Phase 2: 35 411 specimens planted on 457 000 square meters in the mountains (pines, carob trees, holm oaks, almond trees) (ref 7)

Expected Impacts:
Improved landscape quality of peri-urban environments (ref 5)
Reduction of erosion (ref 5)
Creation of ecological diversity: by planting trees of different species (ref 5, 6)
CO2 mitigation (ref 8)
Increase in different habitats for fauna (ref 5)
Improvement of hydrological cycle (ref 5)
Flood Protection: ‘It is essential to repopulate [the areas of the upper Guadalmedina basin] to prevent the water from flowing without any brake’ (ref 7,8
There are plans to start a new phase of reforestation, with an addition of 65 000 new trees. (ref 8)
Economic impacts
Description of economic benefits
Unknown
Please specify other environmental justice issue
- Total of more than 50 000 trees planted across two phases (ref 8); Participatory plantings to reforest areas of Benahavís, Riogordo and Gaucín, as an effort to raise awareness on vegetation and the natural environment and to contribute to reforestation of degraded areas (ref 10)

Description of social and cultural benefits
Achieved Impacts:
Environmental Education: via Participatory plantings to reforest areas of Benahavís, Riogordo and Gaucín, as an effort to raise awareness on vegetation and the natural environment and to contribute to reforestation of degraded areas (ref 10)
Type of reported impacts
Indicators
Number of trees (ref 2, 3); Number of seeds (ref 3); Planted area [m2] (ref 3)
Analysis of specific impact categories
Job creation: The NBS created ...
Environmental justice: The implementation of the NBS project resulted in ...
Negative impacts: Did the project cause any problems or concerns?
Yes
Please specify the negative impacts
Phase 1: mixed results and many thousands of dried specimens (ref 7), suggestions made to involve Junta de Andalucia (regional government) in reforestation project (ref 7)
COVID-19 pandemic
Unknown as of 24 September 2020
Methods of impact monitoring
Process of recording NBS impacts
Methods used to evaluate the impacts of NBS
Evidence for use of assessment
Presence of an assessment, evaluation and/or monitoring process
Yes
Presence of indicators used in reporting
No evidence in public records
Presence of monitoring/evaluation reports
No evidence in public records
Availability of a web-based monitoring tool
No evidence in public records
Impact assessment mechanism
Name of any specific impact assessment tools
Unknown, but there are proposals to use more effective control and monitoring systems for planted species for new phase of reforestation (ref 8)
Use of GIS in mapping impacts
No evidence in public records
Citizen involvement
Citizens involvement in assessment/evaluation
Unknown
Citizens involvement in the analysis of the assessment/evaluation
Unknown
Follow-up to the evaluation / assessment
Unknown
References
List of references
1. Ayuntamiento de Malaga. (2016). Estudio de Seguridad. [Not available in 2020].
2. Malaga Verde. (2016). El Ayuntamiento de Málaga reforesta los parques con 50.000 nuevos árboles. [Not available in 2020].
3. Ferrary, Miguel. (2016). Comienza la plantación de 5.000 árboles para reforzar el cinturón verde de La Opinion de Malaga. Available at: http://www.laopiniondemalaga.es/malaga/2016/10/24/comienza-plantacion-5000-arboles-reforzar/884930.html [Accessed: 24 September 2020].
4. Ayuntamiento de Malaga. (2011). Estudio de Impacto Ambiental. PGOU. [Not available in 2020].
5. Europa Press. (2015). El Ayuntamiento de Málaga adjudica los trabajos de reforestación de 10 parques periurbanos en seis distritos. Available at: http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/2631520/0/ayuntamiento-malaga-adjudica-trabajos-reforestacion-10-parques-periurbanos-seis-distritos/#xtor=AD-15&xts=467263 [Accessed: 24 September 2020].
6. Reforestaciones Pastor (2018). Reforestacion en Malaga: 4 Parques, 35000 Plantones. Available at: https://reforestacionespastor.es/blog/reforestacion-malaga/ [Accessed: 24 September 2020].
7. Antonio Sau, J. (2018). Cs exige saber los resultados del plan de reforestación que pactó con el PP. La Opinion de Malaga. Available at: https://www.laopiniondemalaga.es/malaga/2018/10/15/cs-exige-resultados-plan-reforestacion/1039755.html [Accessed: 24 September 2020].
8. La Opinion. (2019). Ciudadanos mete prisa para continuar con la reforestación de Málaga. La Opinion de Malaga. Available at: https://www.laopiniondemalaga.es/malaga/2019/07/14/ciudadanos-mete-prisa-continuar-reforestacion/1102070.html [Accessed: 24 September 2020].
9. Jimenez, F. (2019). El Parlamento andaluz impulsa la reforestación del Guadalmedina. Diariosur.es. Available at: https://www.diariosur.es/malaga-capital/parlamento-andaluz-aprueba-20190523101150-nt.html [Accessed: 24 September 2020].
10. Europa Press. (2019). La Diputación de Málaga organiza plantaciones participativas para reforestar zonas de Benahavís, Riogordo y Gaucín. Europapress.es. Available at: https://www.europapress.es/andalucia/malaga-00356/noticia-diputacion-malaga-organiza-plantaciones-participativas-reforestar-zonas-benahavis-riogordo-gaucin-20191009141040.html [Accessed: 24 September 2020].
Comments and notes
Comments
2020 comments:
Study of Malaga's periurban spaces and their functions. The first row in the last two columns offers commentaries about the environmental value of the periurban area and its role in the lives of its residents. Page 122 of provided link. https://books.google.de/books?id=BUYaDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA122&lpg=PA122&dq=reforestacion+malaga+PGOU&source=bl&ots=VSirIEfE3X&sig=UBUCmCv2GDLGILAy8JQoeIEkVKI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidlt-P4rzVAhXGYlAKHd41CLIQ6AEITjAF#v=onepage&q=malaga&f=false
Additional insights
2020 comments:
As of February 2018, Malaga City Council entered its final phase of the reforestation (ref 6)

Due to the uneven results from Phase 1, there were suggestions to have the Junta de Andalucia (regional government) to join the municipal effort to recover the reforestation project (ref 7)

As of 2019, the Andalucian Government (regional government) has agreed to retake a key reforestation action to reduce the risk of flooding in Malaga. (ref 8,9) There are plans to start a new phase of reforestation, with an addition of 65 000 new trees. (ref 8)
Public Images
Image
Reforestation of Malaga's Green Belt 1
Source: Ref. 3
Image
Reforestation of Malaga's Green Belt 1
Source: Ref. 7
Image
Reforestation of Malaga's Green Belt 1
Source: Ref. 6, from Diario de Malaga Digital