1. General information
Location and description of the intervention
City or FUA
Phoenix (FUA)
Region
Northern America
Short description of the intervention
Phoenix is America’s fifth largest and hottest city, a sprawling urban heat island which has expanded without adequate consideration to climate and environmental factors like water scarcity and extreme heat (1). ​Multiple heat records were broken in 2023 including 133 days over 100F (37.7C), and 55 days topping 110F (43C) (1). Only around 9% of Phoenix is protected by tree canopies, yet this citywide figure masks vast inequities between wealthy, majority-white neighborhoods (1). As a response, the City of Phoenix has adopted an equity-driven heat mitigation plan to create a shadier, more livable environment amid rising temperatures and hundreds of heat-related deaths (1). Part of this plan created the Community Canopy Grant program, which offers public schools, churches and homes in qualifying census tracts – low-income neighborhoods with little shade funds for tree planting projects (1). One neighborhood, Grant Park is one of the city’s oldest neighborhoods – and one of the most neglected (1). It is a red lined neighborhood with higher pollution levels, less vegetation, more noise pollution and higher temperatures (1). To change the inequity and create enough shade to provide residents and passersby reprieve from the heat, the city planted around 40 trees in the Grant Park neighborhood within household yards (1-2). Residents can choose from a list of 19 native and desert-adapted trees including the Texas olive, Chinese red pistache and Chilean mesquites (1). The trees, which are a couple of years old and pretty heavy, are planted by contracted arborists (1). Following the planting process, each household was provided with a tree kit – a hose, irrigation timer and instrument to measure the soil pH and moisture, as well as written care instructions (1). This is the fourth tree planting effort by this city and the hope with this initiative is that it lasts (1).

Implementation area characterization
Address

821 S 3rd Dr
Phoenix, 85003
United States

Area boundary (map-based)
NBS area image
Source of NBS area image
Source: https://www.phxrevitalization.org/ccsqlp/neighborhoods/Grant-CCS%20Invent.pdf
Area description
Type of area before implementation of the NBS
Timeline of intervention
Start date of the intervention (planning process)
unknown
Start date of intervention (implementation process)
2024
End date of the intervention
2024
Present stage of the intervention
Objectives of the intervention
Goals of the intervention
The goals of the Grant Park Neighborhood Tree Planting were to:
To increase shade cover in the park, providing residents and passersby with relief from the heat.
To supply residents with trees through the Community Canopy Grant program.
To plant desert-adapted trees that are suited to the local climate for residents and provide carbon sequestration
To distribute a tree care kit to residents to enhance the survival rate of newly planted trees and involve them in effective management practices
To improve city air quality by expanding shade coverage in the park.
To address tree inequity by planting in areas at higher risk of the urban heat island effect. (1, 2)
Climate change adaptation: What activities are implemented to realize the conservation goals and targets?
Climate change mitigation: What activities are implemented to realize the conservation goals and targets?
Implementation activities and NBS focus
Implementation activities
In Phoenix, only about 9% of the city is shaded by tree canopies, with significant disparities between neighborhoods. Wealthier, majority-white areas have much more tree coverage, while neighborhoods like Grant Park—a predominantly Latino community—have only about 4% coverage. Grant Park experiences some of the highest temperatures and poorest environmental quality in the city.
To address this inequity, the City of Phoenix established the Community Canopy Grant program to expand tree canopy coverage in neighborhoods within Qualifying Census Tracts. Through this program, 40 trees were distributed to Grant Park residents who applied, with a choice of 19 native and desert-adapted species. Each household also received a tree care kit containing a hose, irrigation timer, soil pH and moisture meter, and written care instructions, providing essential tools and guidance to help these new trees thrive and create lasting shade. (1)
NBS domain and interventions
Ecological domain(s) where the NBS intervention(s) is/are implemented
Parks and urban forests
Pocket parks/neighbourhood green spaces
Please specify "other urban green space connected to grey infrastructure"
Residential green space
Amenities offered by the NBS
Design elements for well-being
Services
Expected ecosystem services delivered
Regulating services
Local climate regulation (temperature reduction)
Air quality regulation
Cultural services
Mental and physical health and wellbeing
Social and community interactions
Scale
Spatial scale
Micro-scale: District/neighbourhood level
Beneficiaries
Demographics in implementation area
Grant Park is a majority Latino community in south Phoenix situated next to a sprawling electrical substation – a hot and dusty neighborhood with ​​200 or so homes, but no stores and plenty of empty lots and boarded-up houses (1). It was once a thriving neighborhood – one of the few places where people of color could live due to discriminatory housing policies that lasted most of the 20th century (1). Neighborhoods like Grant Park still have higher pollution levels, less vegetation, more noise pollution and higher temperatures (1). The average age within the neighborhood ranges between 25 - 34 years (3). Over 60 percent of homes in the area are listed as non-family households with an average median income ranging between Less than $10,000 to $74,999 [8996.50 to 67472.85 Euro] (3).

Socio-economic profile of the area
Communities vulnerable to environmental hazards or climate change impacts
Yes
Specification of climate or environmentally vulnerable communities
Non-government actors
Citizens or community groups
Specify primary beneficiaries
Citizens or community groups: the trees were planted within residential property so that community members could receive thee most benefit (1).

Marginalized groups: Grant Park neighborhood is a primarily latino community that has higher pollution levels, less vegetation, more noise pollution and higher temperatures (1).
Measures for inclusion of marginalised groups
The Community Canopy Grant program is specifically tailored to improve tree canopy coverage in neighborhoods in Qualifying Census Tracts throughout Phoenix (2).
Governance
Please specify the roles of the specific government and non-government actor groups involved in the initiative
Government:
-Local government/municipality: The City of Phoenix is the founder and driver of the Community Canopy Grant program, providing tree cover to residents as part of the Tree and Shade Masterplan (1-2). The city of Phoenix hired professional landscape contractors to plant the trees (1-2).
-National Government: Through the American Rescue Plan and the Inflation Reduction Act the program recivies funding for the project through the US government (1-2).
Non-government actors:
-Citizens or community group: residents of the Grant Park neighborhood applied to the grant program to receive new trees. Each household also gets a tree kit – a 100ft hose, irrigation timer and instrument to measure the soil pH and moisture, as well as written care instructions
-Citizens or community group: Silverio Ontiveros, a retired police chief turned community organizer who drummed up interest for the tree planting by knocking on doors and putting flyers through every neighbor’s letterbox (1-2)
Key actors - initiating organization
Key actors - Other stakeholders involved (besides initiating actors)
National government
Local government/municipality
Citizens or community group
Please specify other stage
Grant application and generating neighborhood interest (1-2)
Level of citizen and community engagement
Participatory methods/forms of stakeholder involvement (all stakeholders)
Uncommon actors ("Missing actors")
Land owners
Please specify other landowner
Private land owned by homeowners
Policy drivers
NBS intervention implemented in response to a Regional Directive/Strategy
Unknown
NBS intervention implemented in response to a national regulations/strategy/plan
Yes
Please specify the national regulations/strategy/plan
the 2021 American Rescue Plan – and the Inflation Reduction Act (1).

If there is a relevant strategy or plan, please specify the theme/type of the plan
NBS intervention implemented in response to a local regulation/strategy/plan
Yes
Please specify the "local regulation/strategy/plan"
The city of Phoenix Tree and Shade Masterplan, Office of Heat Response and Mitigation (“OHRM”), Residential Tree Equity Accelerator (1-2).
Mandatory or voluntary intervention
Voluntary (spontaneous)
Enablers & Barriers
Please provide details (e.g, name of the plan or strategy) for the selected policies or initiatives.
-Funds: The project was funded through the Community Canopy Grant which provides funding for increasing tree cover in vulnerable neighborhoods (1-2).
-Capacity-building projects: The City of Phoenix, through the Office of Heat Response and Mitigation, invites neighborhood associations, community nonprofits, multi-family residential sites, non-residential sites and community members within the City’s Qualified Census Tracts to submit applications seeking trees, supplies and support for tree planting projects (2).
Governance innovations: The City of Phoenix (“City”) Office of Heat Response and Mitigation (“OHRM”) (2)
-Change agents: Silverio Ontiveros, a retired police chief turned community organizer who drummed up interest for the tree planting by knocking on doors and putting flyers through every neighbor’s letterbox (1).
Arrangements for governance cooperation
Barriers
In Grant Park, the community celebrates every single tree but it will probably take years to create adequate shade to provide residents – including unsheltered neighbors and passersby – adequate protection from the worsening heat (1).
Financing
Total cost
Please specify total cost (EUR)
The project was funded through the Community Canopy Grant program which obtains money through the 2021 American Rescue Plan and the Inflation Reduction Act but the total cost of the project was not publicly disclosed (1). However the maximum amount for event expenses is $2,000 per neighborhood (2).
What is/was the Cost/Budget (EUR) of the NBS or green infrastructure elements?
1799.30 (2)
Non-financial contribution
No
Co-finance for NBS
Yes
Co-governance arrangement
Entrepreneurship opportunities
No
Business models
Which of the involved actors was motivated by this model?
Impacts, benefits
Description of environmental benefits
1. Lowered local temperature: "Trees have multiple benefits in urban areas which include cleaner air, improved physical and mental health, water conservation, increasing wildlife habitat, CO2 storage and sequestration and lower temperatures through shade." (1)
2. Enhanced carbon sequestration: "Trees have multiple benefits in urban areas which include cleaner air, improved physical and mental health, water conservation, increasing wildlife habitat, CO2 storage and sequestration and lower temperatures through shade." (1)
3. Improved air quality: "Trees have multiple benefits in urban areas which include cleaner air, improved physical and mental health, water conservation, increasing wildlife habitat, CO2 storage and sequestration and lower temperatures through shade." (1)
4. Increased green space area: "Over the course of three days in early April, arborists planted 40 or so desert adapted trees in Grant Park, as part of the city’s equity-driven heat mitigation plan to create a shadier, more livable environment." (1)
5. Increased number of species present: "Residents can choose from a list of 19 native and desert-adapted trees including the Texas olive, Chinese red pistache and Chilean mesquites." (1)
Environmental impact indicators
Total number of vascular plant species protected or introduced
40 trees (1)
Economic impacts
Description of economic benefits
No economic benefits of the NBS intervention were listed.
Description of social and cultural benefits
1. Improved liveability: "Over the course of three days in early April, arborists planted 40 or so desert adapted trees in Grant Park, as part of the city’s equity-driven heat mitigation plan to create a shadier, more livable environment amid rising temperatures and hundreds of heat-related deaths." (1)
2. Increased opportunities for social interaction: “We need shade, but trees also suck up carbon dioxide, create places to socialize and healthier, happier neighborhoods.” (1)
3. Increased involvement of locals in the management of green spaces: "Each household also gets a tree kit – a 100ft hose, irrigation timer and instrument to measure the soil pH and moisture, as well as written care instructions." (1)
4. Increased visibility and opportunity for marginalised groups or indigenous peoples: "The Community Canopy Grant is intended to improve tree canopy coverage in neighborhoods in Qualifying Census Tracts throughout Phoenix." (2)
5. Improved physical health: "Trees have multiple benefits in urban areas which include cleaner air, improved physical and mental health, water conservation, increasing wildlife habitat, CO2 storage and sequestration and lower temperatures through shade." (1)
6. Increased knowledge of locals about local nature: "Each household also gets a tree kit – a 100ft hose, irrigation timer and instrument to measure the soil pH and moisture, as well as written care instructions." (1)
7. Improved community safety to climate-related hazards: “Our goal is to change the inequity and create enough shade to provide residents and passersby reprieve from the heat." (1)

Evidence for use of assessment
Presence of an assessment, evaluation and/or monitoring process
Yes
Actors involved in the assessment, monitoring or evaluation of NBS impacts
Presence of indicators used in reporting
Yes
Type of indicators
Presence of monitoring/evaluation reports
No evidence in public records
Availability of a web-based monitoring tool
No evidence in public records
Name of any specific impact assessment tools
Unknown.
Use of GIS in mapping impacts
No evidence in public records
Cost-benefit analysis
Unknown
Transparency
Justice
Description of locals satisfaction with the project
-“If I ever retire, I’d like to be able to spend more time outside. The weather is changing, so I am really happy to get these trees. We need more shade,” said Cordoba, 75, a legal secretary, whose family has lived in Grant Park for more than a century (1).

Trade-offs & Negative impacts
Measures to prevent gentrification or displacement
High-quality & Transformative NBS
Multiple impacts delivery (climate, biodiversity, just community)
Yes
Goal setting and impacts delivery
No, although benefits were delivered in all the 3 key areas, but in the planning phase, the project did not aim to address issues in all the 3 key priority areas.
Reaching original project goals
Please specify the achievements of the project goals
Climate action:
1. Lowered local temperature: "Trees have multiple benefits in urban areas which include cleaner air, improved physical and mental health, water conservation, increasing wildlife habitat, CO2 storage and sequestration and lower temperatures through shade." (1)
2. Enhanced carbon sequestration: "Trees have multiple benefits in urban areas which include cleaner air, improved physical and mental health, water conservation, increasing wildlife habitat, CO2 storage and sequestration and lower temperatures through shade." (1)
3. Improved air quality: "Trees have multiple benefits in urban areas which include cleaner air, improved physical and mental health, water conservation, increasing wildlife habitat, CO2 storage and sequestration and lower temperatures through shade." (1)
4. Increased green space area: "Over the course of three days in early April, arborists planted 40 or so desert adapted trees in Grant Park, as part of the city’s equity-driven heat mitigation plan to create a shadier, more livable environment." (1)
5. Increased number of species present: "Residents can choose from a list of 19 native and desert-adapted trees including the Texas olive, Chinese red pistache and Chilean mesquites." (1)
Social justice and community:
1. Improved liveability: "Over the course of three days in early April, arborists planted 40 or so desert adapted trees in Grant Park, as part of the city’s equity-driven heat mitigation plan to create a shadier, more livable environment amid rising temperatures and hundreds of heat-related deaths." (1)
2. Increased opportunities for social interaction: “We need shade, but trees also suck up carbon dioxide, create places to socialize and healthier, happier neighborhoods.” (1)
3. Increased involvement of locals in the management of green spaces: "Each household also gets a tree kit – a 100ft hose, irrigation timer and instrument to measure the soil pH and moisture, as well as written care instructions." (1)
4. Increased visibility and opportunity for marginalised groups or indigenous peoples: "The Community Canopy Grant is intended to improve tree canopy coverage in neighborhoods in Qualifying Census Tracts throughout Phoenix." (2)
5. Improved physical health: "Trees have multiple benefits in urban areas which include cleaner air, improved physical and mental health, water conservation, increasing wildlife habitat, CO2 storage and sequestration and lower temperatures through shade." (1)
6. Increased knowledge of locals about local nature: "Each household also gets a tree kit – a 100ft hose, irrigation timer and instrument to measure the soil pH and moisture, as well as written care instructions." (1)
7. Improved community safety to climate-related hazards: “Our goal is to change the inequity and create enough shade to provide residents and passersby reprieve from the heat." (1)
Long-term perspective
Unknown: No information about the project's long-term sustainability.
Cost-effective solutions
Unknown
Perception of Environmental Change
Unknown
References
1.
Lakhani, N. (2024). ‘We need more shade’: US’s hottest city turns to trees to cool those most in need. [Source link] [Archive];
2.
City of Phoenix (n.d.). City of Phoenix Community Canopy Grant. [Source link] [Archive];
3.
Maricopa Association of Governments (n.d.). Arizona Demographics . [Source link] [Archive];
Comments and notes
Comments
This project takes place within the Grant Park neighborhood, which have been defied using the polygon tool, so there is no exact location of where the trees were planted so I placed the GPS point in the middle.
Public Images
Image
A photo of a resident of the Grant Park Neighborhood standing next to the newly planted tree.
Susan Ontiveros next to the freshly planted trees in her and Silverio's front yard.
Tamuna Chkareuli/The Guardian
Image
An individual planting a tree at a residence in the neighborhood.
The city contractors plant the trees for the residents who applied for the program.
Tamuna Chkareuli/The Guardian
Image
A photo of the care kit distributed to households.
The city distributes the tree care kits for the community.
Tamuna Chkareuli/The Guardian
Image
trees in Grant
trees in Grant
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/apr/17/pheonix-arizona-hottest-city-tree-planting-shade
Image
trees in Grant
trees in Grant
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/apr/17/pheonix-arizona-hottest-city-tree-planting-shade
Image
trees in Grant
trees in Grant
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/apr/17/pheonix-arizona-hottest-city-tree-planting-shade