1. General information
Location and description of the intervention
City or FUA
Sofia
Region
Europe
Native title of the NBS intervention
Инициатива "Градска гора"
Short description of the intervention
Sofia is Europe's most polluted capital and the World Health Organization alarmed that Bulgaria ranks second in the world in terms of deaths due to air pollution per capita. In response to that, the coalition Sofia - Green Capital planned to buy neglected urban land and plant an Urban Forest in order to restore the green passes that lead the fresh air from the mountain to the city. The Urban Forest is expected to improve the air quality, sequestrate carbon emissions, and also provide a place for walks and play. (Ref. 1; Ref. 2). The planting process started in 2018 and around nearly 60,000 saplings were planted over 225 acres by over 6,500 volunteers and over 50 companies joined in. (Ref 7, 8)
Address

Sofia
Bulgaria

NBS area image
Source of NBS area image
https://www.google.bg/maps/place/New+Forest+Sofia/@42.6746027,23.1739248,10217m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!3m5!1s0x40aa9bbcf998768b:0x1567d53e2d1c4082!4b1!8m2!3d42.6813398!4d23.2050353?hl=en&authuser=0

It was not possible to identify the borders of the area so pin location is put at the centre of the NBS. The target location is one of the six degraded green passes between Sofia and Mountain Vitosha (Ref. 2; also see the picture uploaded). They still don't know if the Municipality will sell them any of the land where the passes are situated though.
NBS area
910543.00m²
Type of area before implementation of the NBS
Please specify “other type of area” before implementation of the NBS
Only mention is neglected urban land. (Ref 1)
Timeline of intervention
Start date of the intervention (planning process)
unknown
Start date of intervention (implementation process)
2018
End date of the intervention
ongoing
Present stage of the intervention
Goals of the intervention
- Improve the air quality in Sofia by bringing fresh air from the mountain to the city
- Absorb carbon dioxide in order to mitigate climate change
- Reduce noise pollution
- Ameliorate the soils
- Promote biodiversity
- Help regulate the temperatures
- Use the project as a sample for further afforestation of the green passes of the city
- Encourage politicians to take measures to make Sofia a greener place
- Raise awareness in the public regarding ecological problems in Sofia
(Ref. 1; Ref. 2)
Opportunities for volunteers to help plant trees and be involved in the process through donations and labour. (Ref 8)
Quantitative targets
Quantitative targets mentioned in the planning stage:

- Plant between 100 and >300 trees (depending on whether they will receive support from the municipality or not)
- Provide the foundation for a subsequent campaign for planting 1 million trees in Sofia
- 1 tonne of carbon dioxide captured per tree over the lifetime of the trees is expected
(Ref. 1; Ref. 2; Ref. 5).

Quantitative targets mentioned in phase as of 2019:
- plant a total of 125,000 trees (Ref 8)
Monitoring indicators defined
tonnes of carbon dioxide captured by the trees (Ref. 2).

- Plant between 100 and >300 trees (depending on whether they will receive support from the municipality or not)- Provide the foundation for a subsequent campaign for planting 1 million trees in Sofia(Ref. 1; Ref. 2; Ref. 5). 
Quantitative targets mentioned in phase as of 2019:- plant a total of 125,000 trees (Ref 8)
Climate change adaptation: What were the goals of the NBS?
Climate change adaptation: What activities are implemented to realize the conservation goals and targets?
What types of restoration goals are / were defined for the NBS intervention?
What activities are implemented to realize the restoration goals and targets?
Implementation activities
- Planting trees on a neglected urban land in order to restore the natural connection between the mountain and the city
- Collecting donations for buying the land, prepare the soil, buy and plant the trees, and care after the trees in the first year following their planting
- Offering donors to have their own tree and use it for whatever they like - e.g. put a label on it, a swing, etc.
(Ref. 1; Ref. 2)
Regarding the status of the project: The project started on March 24th 2018., with planted saplings taking place in three phases (2018). The most recent reference (2019) mentions "Our goal is to plant over 125,000 aromatic trees in this area" (Ref 8), so the project seems to be ongoing.
Type of NBS project
NBS domain and interventions
Ecological domain(s) where the NBS intervention(s) is/are implemented
Parks and urban forests
Large urban parks or forests
Green corridors and green belts
Vegetation Type
Please specify how many trees were planted
60,000 (planted by 2020) (Ref 7, 8)
Please specify other amenities offered by the NBS
- Offering donors to have their own tree and use it for whatever they like - e.g. put a label on it, a swing, etc.
(Ref. 1; Ref. 2)
Amenities offered by the NBS
Services
Expected ecosystem services delivered
Provisioning services
Raw materials
Regulating services
Local climate regulation (temperature reduction)
Air quality regulation
Noise reduction
Carbon storage/sequestration
Mediation of smell / noise / visual impacts
Habitat and supporting services
Habitats for species
Maintenance of genetic diversity
Cultural services
Intellectual interactions (scientific and / or educational)
Physical and experiential interactions with plants and animals
Social and community interactions
Scale
Spatial scale
Micro-scale: District/neighbourhood level
Beneficiaries
Primary Beneficiaries
Governance
Governance arrangements
Non-government actors
Non-governmental organisation (NGO) / Civil society / Churches
Private sector/Corporate/Business
Citizens or community groups
Coalition with multiple of the above
Please specify the roles of the specific government and non-government actor groups involved in the initiative
The initiative was started and is co-ordinated by Grupa Grad, which is a group of architects that work to preserve and improve the Bulgarian architecture and urban planning and development. The initiative is also endorsed by 28 NGOs, community groups, and industry associations, who have provided moral support and spread information about the initiative, thereby helping to raise funds (Ref. 2; Ref. 5). Those 28 partners, together with Grupa Grad, form the coalition Sofia -
Green Capital which gave rise to the Urban Forest initiative. There are plans to include universities and institutes in researching the effect of the forest on the city's environment (Ref. 5).
Key actors - initiating organization
Key actors - Other stakeholders involved (besides initiating actors)
Non-government organisation/civil society
District/neighbourhood association
Citizens or community group
Private sector/corporate actor/company
Participatory methods/forms of community involvement used
Policy drivers
NBS intervention implemented in response to an Regional Directive/Strategy
Unknown
NBS intervention implemented in response to a national regulations/strategy/plan
Unknown
NBS intervention implemented in response to a local regulation/strategy/plan
Yes
Please specify the "local regulation/strategy/plan"
Master Plan of Sofia Municipality (Ref. 2; Ref 6).
Mandatory or voluntary intervention
Mandatory (based on policy)
Intervention is mandatory
Enablers
Presence of specific city-level GI/NBS vision/strategy/plan - mentioned in connection to the project
Unknown
Presence of specific city-level GI/NBS section/part in a more general plan - mentioned in connection to the project
Yes
Please specify the general plan with GI/NBS section
Master Plan of Sofia Municipality (Ref. 2; Ref. 6).
If there is a relevant strategy or plan, please specify the theme / type of the plan.
Presence of city network or regional partnerships focused on NBS - mentioned in connection to the project
Yes
Please specify
The project City Forest is part of the coalition Sofia - Green Capital, which consists of 28 organisations, associations, and community groups (Ref. 2).
Presence of GI / NBS research project - mentioned in connection to the project
Unknown
Please specify
A research project is planned to study the effect of the Urban Forest on the city's environment (Ref. 5).
Subsidies/investment for GI / NBS in the city - mentioned in connection to the project
Unknown
Co-finance for NBS
Unknown
Co-financing governance arrangements
Unknown
Was this co-governance arrangement already in place, or was it set up specifically for this NBS?
Financing
Total cost
What is/was the Cost/Budget (EUR) of the NBS or green infrastructure elements?
Unknown
What are the total amount of expected annual maintenance costs?
Unknown
What is the expected annual maintenance costs of the NBS or GI elements?
Unknown; however Ref 1 noted in 2017 that if they plant 100 trees, the total cost would be 25960 euros for buying 1,000 sq. m. of land, buying the trees, planting them, and taking care of them for a year. This information cannot be relocated in 2020.
Please specify cost savings
Unknown
Please specify total cost (EUR)
References only mention donations from crowdfunding efforts. (Ref 6) If they plant 100 trees, the total cost would be 25960 euros for buying 1,000 sq. m. of land, buying the trees, planting them, and taking care of them for a year (Ref. 1).
Source(s) of funding
Type of fund(s) used
Non-financial contribution
Yes
Type of non-financial contribution
Type of innovation
Please specify technological innovation
The innovative (Ref. 1; Ref. 2)
Please specify social innovation
The innovative feature of the intervention are the government arrangements behind it. The project is initiated and governed by a coalition of 28 organisations with a citizen group (Grupa Grad) in charge. Instead of relying on the Municipality to plant forests on the green passes, which are situated on land owned by the Municipality, an alternative solution has been proposed which involves buying the land and planting a forest, using financial support from donations.
(Ref. 1; Ref. 2)
Novelty level of the innovation
Please specify novelty level of the innovation
unknown
Please specify Replicability/Transferability
The Urban Forest is planned to be replicated over much larger areas of Sofia (Ref. 1; Ref. 2).
Impacts, benefits
Description of environmental benefits
The plans claim that the eventual impacts will be climate change mitigation through sequestration, noise reduction, and air quality improvement, soil quality improvement, promotion of biodiversity, regulation of temperatures. But so far the trees are in only sampling phase and these impacts are not yet visible, but expected. (Ref. 1; Ref. 2, Ref. 7, Ref. 8)
Economic impacts
Please specify other socio-cultural impact
inclusive governance: The project is initiated and governed by a coalition of 28 organisations with a citizen group (Grupa Grad) in charge. Instead of relying on the Municipality to plant forests on the green passes, which are situated on land owned by the Municipality, an alternative solution has been proposed which involves buying the land and planting a forest, using financial support from donations. (Ref. 1; Ref. 2)
Description of economic benefits
Unknown
Please specify other environmental justice issue
citizen action to restore environmental health: The project is initiated and governed by a coalition of 28 organisations with a citizen group (Grupa Grad) in charge. Instead of relying on the Municipality to plant forests on the green passes, which are situated on land owned by the Municipality, an alternative solution has been proposed which involves buying the land and planting a forest, using financial support from donations. (Ref. 1; Ref. 2)
Description of social and cultural benefits
achieved impacts:
The project is initiated and governed by a coalition of 28 organisations with a citizen group (Grupa Grad) in charge. Instead of relying on the Municipality to plant forests on the green passes, which are situated on land owned by the Municipality, an alternative solution has been proposed which involves buying the land and planting a forest, using financial support from donations. (Ref. 1; Ref. 2)
Type of reported impacts
Indicators
Implementation has started only in 2018 and currently only number of trees planted is used as an indicator (Ref 7, 8)
Environmental, social and economic impacts
Analysis of specific impact categories
Job creation: The NBS created ...
Environmental justice: The implementation of the NBS project resulted in ...
Please specify other method used to evaluate the impacts of NBS
Counting of trees planted by a coalition of 28 organisations with a citizen group (Grupa Grad) who are in charge. (Ref. 1; Ref. 2)
Negative impacts: Did the project cause any problems or concerns?
No information was found regarding negative impacts of the project
COVID-19 pandemic
No information available as of 4th of September 2020
Methods of impact monitoring
Process of recording NBS impacts
Methods used to evaluate the impacts of NBS
Evidence for use of assessment
Presence of an assessment, evaluation and/or monitoring process
Unknown
Presence of indicators used in reporting
No evidence in public records
Presence of monitoring/evaluation reports
No evidence in public records
Availability of a web-based monitoring tool
No evidence in public records
Impact assessment mechanism
Name of any specific impact assessment tools
unknown
Use of GIS in mapping impacts
No evidence in public records
Citizen involvement
Citizens involvement in assessment/evaluation
Yes
Mode(s) of citizen involvement in evaluation/assessment
Citizens involvement in the analysis of the assessment/evaluation
Unknown
Follow-up to the evaluation / assessment
Unknown
References
List of references
Ref. 1. GlobalGiving (2017). Planting a Forest to fight pollution in Sofia. [online] available at: https://www.globalgiving.org/projects/restoring-a-green-pass/?utm_content=Your%20project%20has%20been%20pre-approved%21&utm_campaign=project-preapproved&utm_source=email2.globalgiving.org&utm_medium=email (Accessed 2 September 2020)
Ref. 2. София - Зелена Столица (2017). Home page. (Website not available in 2020).
Ref. 3. Група Град (2017). КОИ СМЕ НИЕ?. (Website not available in 2020).
Ref. 4. BNR (2017). Колко зелена столица може да е София!. [online] available at: http://bnr.bg/sofia/post/100810550/kolko-zelena-stolica-moje-da-e-sofia (Accessed 2 September 2020)
Ref. 5. Maltzeva, M. (2017). Interview. [docx] available below.
Ref. 6. Sofproect (2009). ОБЩ УСТРОЙСТВЕН ПЛАН
НА СТОЛИЧНА ОБЩИНА. [pdf] available at: http://sofproect.com/Documents/OUP-Sofia_2009_withfonts.pdf (Accessed 2 September 2020).
Ref. 7. The Mayor (2018). The initiative “New Forest” in Sofia starts this Saturday. Source: https://www.themayor.eu/sk/the-initiative-new-forest-in-sofia-starts-this-saturday (Accessed on 2 September 2020)
Ref. 8. Novatagora (2019) МИСЛИ ЧИСТО. Source: http://novatagora.bg (Accessed on 2 September 2020)
Comments and notes
Public Images
Image
Volunteers planting trees in 2018
https://www.sofia.bg/web/sofia-municipality/news/-/asset_publisher/FkzIiA7cePyl/content/6200-new-trees-are-planted-in-the-new-forest-of-sofia/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_FkzIiA7cePyl_viewMode=print&_101_INSTANCE_FkzIiA7cePyl_languageId=en_US
Image
Volunteers planting trees in 2018
https://www.sofia.bg/web/sofia-municipality/news/-/asset_publisher/FkzIiA7cePyl/content/6200-new-trees-are-planted-in-the-new-forest-of-sofia/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_FkzIiA7cePyl_viewMode=print&_101_INSTANCE_FkzIiA7cePyl_languageId=en_US
Image
Volunteers planting trees in 2018
https://www.sofia.bg/web/sofia-municipality/news/-/asset_publisher/FkzIiA7cePyl/content/6200-new-trees-are-planted-in-the-new-forest-of-sofia/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_FkzIiA7cePyl_viewMode=print&_101_INSTANCE_FkzIiA7cePyl_languageId=en_US