1. General information
Location and description of the intervention
City or FUA
Bobo-Dioulasso
Region
Africa
Native title of the NBS intervention
Valorisation multifonctionnelle et productive des trames vertes
Short description of the intervention
In order to promote Urban and Periurban Agriculture and Forestry (UPAF) as a municipal strategy to deal with negative climate change effects, Bobo-Dioulasso local authorities have identified, using a participatory approach, city greenways as experimentation sites for local climate solutions. The intervention consists in transforming vacant land belonging to the city into green corridors (greenways) through market gardens and forestry, retaining the benefits of urban agriculture. Urban agriculture, when planned and managed properly, can contribute to climate change mitigation efforts by lowering the ecological footprint associated with food production. At the same time, urban agriculture can enhance climate change adaptation efforts by increasing vegetation cover and reducing surface water run-off, while at the same time conserving biodiversity. (1,2,3,4)
Address

Ave de la Revolution
Bobo-Dioulasso
Burkina Faso

Type of area before implementation of the NBS
Timeline of intervention
Start date of the intervention (planning process)
2012
Start date of intervention (implementation process)
2013
End date of the intervention
2014
Present stage of the intervention
Goals of the intervention
The goals of the intervention are as described below:
1. To restore, protect and manage biodiversity in situ, by promoting self-maintenance by maintaining minimum living and circulation conditions necessary for the survival of species.
2. To increase the environmental resilience of green grids to the climate, while improving people's living conditions by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving people's resilience through increasing incomes and diversifying food sources.
3. To establish green grids, from a climate perspective, as a model of development and management governed by a municipal by-law. The greenways distinguish themselves by relative connectivity with the periurban forests. Greenways are subjected to the regulations applicable to green spaces, which allow for their public management and preserve them from seizure.
4. To set up a Municipal Unit for the Management of Climate Change and to promote productive multiple uses of green spaces in order to contribute to beneficial impacts on the maintenance of urban biodiversity and other ecosystem services.
5. To contribute to (i) the reduction of temperature and run-off by mitigating the urban heat island effect and serving as “green lungs” for the city; and (ii) the improvement of the resilience of the population by increasing and diversifying their food and income sources. (1,3)
Quantitative targets
Serving approx. 800,000 inhabitants indirectly
Covering an area of 6.9 ha adding to a total of 60 ha
Establishing 10 "small green islands"
Establishing 8 greenways
Planting different species: mango, cashew trees (1,3)
Monitoring indicators defined
Number of people benefiting from the action
Area sized considered for the intervention
Number of greenways established
Types of species planted (1,3)
Climate change adaptation: What were the goals of the NBS?
Climate change adaptation: What activities are implemented to realize the conservation goals and targets?
What types of restoration goals are / were defined for the NBS intervention?
What activities are implemented to realize the restoration goals and targets?
Implementation activities
The initiative was realised in several stages.
In stage 1: A technical workshop was organised in June 2012. These exchanges with the member of the Municipal Council, the representatives of the administrative authorities, as well as the Directors of municipal or deconcentrated technical services and representatives of the local networks on environment protection and climate change have led to the choice of agroforestry and multifunctional use of greenways as a Territorial Project.
In stage 2 : A participatory territorial diagnosis on Urban and Periurban Agriculture and Forestry (UPAF) in Bobo-Dioulasso from July to October 2012 was conducted.
In stage 3: An exploratory study on the social feasibility of the development of the selected greenway was carried out. The purpose of this study was to identify local stakeholders' interest in the project and to define the conditions for social acceptability and the success of the proposed activity.
In stage 4: Implementation of the initiative through participatory management of the selected greenway and coordination of planned activities (March 2013-February 2014). The multifunctional and productive exploitation of the green network in sector 33 (part of the city) had to respond to a sustainable approach aimed at improving the lives of inhabitants of the sector and the city and four dimensions have been associated with it: environmental, scientific, social and political. (2)
Type of NBS project
NBS domain and interventions
Ecological domain(s) where the NBS intervention(s) is/are implemented
Community gardens and allotments
Allotments
Horticulture
Parks and urban forests
Green corridors and green belts
Please specify the number of plots or allotment gardens
Unknown
Vegetation Type
Please specify how many trees were planted
Unknown
Amenities offered by the NBS
Services
Expected ecosystem services delivered
Provisioning services
Food for human consumption (crops, vegetables)
Regulating services
Local climate regulation (temperature reduction)
Carbon storage/sequestration
Flood regulation
Habitat and supporting services
Habitats for species
Cultural services
Social and community interactions
Scale
Spatial scale
Meso-scale: Regional, metropolitan and urban level
Beneficiaries
Governance
Non-government actors
Non-governmental organisation (NGO) / Civil society / Churches
Citizens or community groups
Coalition with multiple of the above
Please specify the roles of the specific government and non-government actor groups involved in the initiative
The initiative was designed and implemented by several stakeholders, among which we can count: Bobo-Dioulasso municipality, with the support of UN Habitat’s Cities and Climate Change Initiative, RUAF Foundation
Decentralised technical services of the State in charge of urban planning, the environment and agriculture African Center for Scientific Research and Training (formerly IAVS) in Ouagadougou and the local populations. Inside the Bobo-Dioulasso municipality, there is a unit called the Municipal Management Unit of the Cities and Climate Change Program (CCCI) which is an operational interface set up by mutual agreement between the local political authority and UN-HABITAT in order to conduct, the local level, with the greatest possible efficiency, the activities of this global initiative. This Unit is led by two municipal executives including a science engineer (head of unit) and a manager-accountant (administrative assistant). (1)
Key actors - Other stakeholders involved (besides initiating actors)
Local government/municipality
Non-government organisation/civil society
Citizens or community group
Multilateral organisation
Policy drivers
NBS intervention implemented in response to an Regional Directive/Strategy
No
NBS intervention implemented in response to a national regulations/strategy/plan
Yes
Please specify the national regulations/strategy/plan
Yes, this initiative is a response to the Burkina Faso's National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change (NAP), pursuant to Decision 5 / CP.17, which consists of (i) sectoral adaptation plans and (ii) global adaptation for the whole country. This NAP is entitled "Burkina Faso more effectively manages its economic and social development through the implementation of planning and response mechanisms that take into account resilience and adaptation to climate change by 2050" The development of urban spaces through sustainable development is one of the objectives of the National Policy on Housing and Urban Development and its Action Plan 2009-2018 in its axis 2 "Plan and control the growth of cities ". (2)
NBS intervention implemented in response to a local regulation/strategy/plan
Yes
Please specify the "local regulation/strategy/plan"
The implementation of this initiative fills the poor consideration of sustainable development and emerging issues (such as climate change) in the implementation of the Bobo-Dioulasso Communal Development Plan (PDC 2006-2010). (2)
Mandatory or voluntary intervention
Voluntary (spontaneous)
Enablers
Presence of specific city-level GI/NBS vision/strategy/plan - mentioned in connection to the project
No
Presence of specific city-level GI/NBS section/part in a more general plan - mentioned in connection to the project
Yes
Please specify the general plan with GI/NBS section
The implementation of this initiative fills the poor consideration of sustainable development and emerging issues (such as climate change) in the implementation of the Bobo-Dioulasso Communal Development Plan (PDC 2006-2010). (2) Moreover, the implementation of operational activities will be accompanied by advocacy for policy makers for the establishment of regulatory provisions that give green grids functions of agriculture and urban and peri-urban forestry. (1)
If there is a relevant strategy or plan, please specify the theme / type of the plan.
Presence of city network or regional partnerships focused on NBS - mentioned in connection to the project
Unknown
Presence of GI / NBS research project - mentioned in connection to the project
Yes
Please specify
Regarding research projects, at the time, there were researchers working as part of the implementation team. Nevertheless, after the project ended, several studies were published describing the process of implementation and results: 1. Douglas, Ian. “The Challenge of Urban Poverty for the Use of Green Infrastructure on Floodplains and Wetlands to Reduce Flood Impacts in Intertropical Africa.” Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 180, Dec. 2018, pp. 262–272, 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.09.025. Accessed 8 Oct. 2019; 2. Di Leo, N., Escobedo, F.J. & Dubbeling, M. The role of urban green infrastructure in mitigating land surface temperature in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Environ Dev Sustain 18, 373–392 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-015-9653-y;
Subsidies/investment for GI / NBS in the city - mentioned in connection to the project
Unknown
Co-finance for NBS
Unknown
Co-financing governance arrangements
Unknown
Was this co-governance arrangement already in place, or was it set up specifically for this NBS?
Financing
Total cost
What is/was the Cost/Budget (EUR) of the NBS or green infrastructure elements?
Unknown
What are the total amount of expected annual maintenance costs?
Unknown
What is the expected annual maintenance costs of the NBS or GI elements?
Unknown
Please specify cost savings
Unknown
Please specify total cost (EUR)
The amount invested in this intervention is undisclosed.
Non-financial contribution
Yes
Type of innovation
Please specify social innovation
One source identifies this initiative as an innovation due to the nature of the participatory approach that led to the creation of greenways. The participation of local populations in dialogues and fora has opened the eyes of these actors to their role in decision-making, and they have thus become active players this best practice has already been replicated in the cities of Banfora and Ouahigouya. (2)
Please specify novelty level of the innovation
The innovation itself is not new as it is part of a UN-Habitat project carried out in other countries and cities such as Kathmandu (Nepal) and Kesbewa (Sri Lanka). (4)
Please specify Replicability/Transferability
This best practice has already been replicated in the cities of Banfora and Ouahigouya.(2)
Impacts, benefits
Description of environmental benefits
A research study (5) from 2016 analysed the impacts of the intervention on local temperature. The study used available geospatial data and techniques to spatially and temporally explore urbanization and land surface temperatures (LSTs) over 20 years. The effect of specific green infrastructure areas in the city on LSTs was also analysed. Results show increased urbanisation rates and increased temperature trends across time and space. But, LST in green infrastructure areas was indeed lower than in adjacent impervious, urbanised areas. (5) Other impacts, mentioned in a report from 2014, discussed an increase in the number of species present as the intervention meant that forest and fruit-tree seedlings were planted, and this led to the creation of orchards hedges, windbreaks, market gardens, and an arboretum. In the agricultural plots, gardening beds were located and the first crop cycle started during the rainy season. (3) The same document discusses expected environmental benefits with the help of environmental indicators that show positive changes. The run-off coefficient has been reduced by 4 %, thus potentially impacting the reduction of flood risks and increased infiltration and replenishment of subterranean water sources. The CO2 sequestration by the planted mango and cashew trees over the coming hundred years is calculated to be 1835.36 tons of CO2 per hectare. This corresponds to the potential sequestration of 975,923 tons of CO2 for the whole area (60 ha) of greenways over the same period. (3)
Description of economic benefits
It was expected from the intervention to provide an increase in agricultural production and consumption, but perhaps the most important economic benefit regarded the creation of market gardens, which are small farms (up to a few acres), which sell vegetables, salad or fruit directly to consumers and/or restaurants. A variety of different plants are grown, with the emphasis on continual production throughout the year. (1,2)
Description of social and cultural benefits
The productions obtained during the first phase of production from August to October 2013 show that the UPAF project can contribute to at least 6 % of the monthly food expenditures of the agricultural households involved in the project. In the same way, these productions contribute to the more permanent availability of home-produced food for these households. Such increased diversification of food and income sources helps to increase the resilience of poor households, which are generally vulnerable to increases in food prices. (3)
Another social benefit related to the fairness policy that the intervention team promotes and that led to the creation by the agricultural users of the "BENKADI" women's group of market gardeners and the creation by the forest users of the Group of Mango Producers of the green frame of sector 33 of Bobo-Dioulasso, with official recognition of existence each, allowing so more disadvantaged groups to be involved in the management of green spaces. (2)
Type of reported impacts
Indicators
CO2 sequestration
Run-off coefficient
Types of species planted
Monthly food expenditure (2,3)
Analysis of specific impact categories
Job creation: The NBS created ...
Negative impacts: Did the project cause any problems or concerns?
No information was found regarding negative impacts of the project
COVID-19 pandemic
Unknown. No mentions regarding the impact of Covid19 over the intervention have been found.
Methods of impact monitoring
Evidence for use of assessment
Presence of an assessment, evaluation and/or monitoring process
Yes
Presence of indicators used in reporting
Yes
Presence of monitoring/evaluation reports
No evidence in public records
Availability of a web-based monitoring tool
No evidence in public records
Impact assessment mechanism
Name of any specific impact assessment tools
Unknown
Use of GIS in mapping impacts
Yes
Citizen involvement
Citizens involvement in assessment/evaluation
Yes
Mode(s) of citizen involvement in evaluation/assessment
Citizens involvement in the analysis of the assessment/evaluation
Unknown
Follow-up to the evaluation / assessment
Unknown
References
List of references
1. Valorisation multifonctionnelle et productive des trames vertes - Initiatives Climat. (n.d.). Www.initiativesclimat.org. http://www.initiativesclimat.org/Toutes-les-initiatives/Valorisation-multifonctionnelle-et-productive-des-trames-vertes (accessed 23-04-2022)
2. “MULTIFUNCTIONAL and PRODUCTIVE USE of the GREENWAYS in the CITY of BOBO-DIOULASSO | Urban Agenda Platform.” n.d. Www.urbanagendaplatform.org. Accessed April 23, 2022. https://www.urbanagendaplatform.org/best-practice/multifunctional-and-productive-use-greenways-city-bobo-dioulasso.
‌3. Urban Agriculture Magazine no. 27 – Climate change and disaster risk reduction |. (n.d.). Ruaf.org. Retrieved April 23, 2022, from https://ruaf.org/document/urban-agriculture-magazine-no-27-climate-change-and-disaster-risk-reduction/
‌4. URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN AT UN-HABITAT. (n.d.). Retrieved April 23, 2022, from https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2019/10/urban_planning_design_branch_portfolio.pdf
‌5. Di Leo, N., Escobedo, F.J. & Dubbeling, M. The role of urban green infrastructure in mitigating land surface temperature in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Environ Dev Sustain 18, 373–392 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-015-9653-y


Comments and notes
Additional insights
Bobo-Dioulasso is the second-most important city of Burkina Faso, after its capital, Ouagadougou. It is located in the southwest of the country, 360 km from Ouagadougou, in the Houet province and the Hauts-Bassins region.
Public Images
Image
Market gardens
Market gardens
https://www.academia.edu/12325657/Urban_agriculture_as_a_climate_change_and_disaster_risk_reduction_strategy
Image
Map of the greenways
Map of the greenways
https://www.academia.edu/12325657/Urban_agriculture_as_a_climate_change_and_disaster_risk_reduction_strategy