1. General information
Location and description of the intervention
City or FUA
Kaysone Phomvihane
Region
Asia
Short description of the intervention
Kaysone experiences severe flooding events on an annual basis due to its location to the banks of Mekong river, as well as periodic storms, and past responses to these threats have focused on the Savanxay Market and the Southern Flood Gate, but with limited success (Ref. 1). This intervention focuses on the development of an integrated adaptation plan for the area around the market and adjacent to the Mekong canal. This plan includes NBS-specific components considering how the market's parking area provides an important opportunity for bioengineering and green cover, and that there is "an opportunity to use adjoining land as a constructed wetland and park for recreation, flood retention and storm water treatment" (Ref. 1). The adaptation plan comprises seven points overall, focusing on wastewater recycling, walking paths, proper drainage and green space in addition to an educational component related to climate change and its impacts (Ref. 1).

Address

Visoukan Road, Huamuong Village
Kaisone Phomvihane District
00856 Savannakhet
Laos

Total area
20000.00m²
Type of area before implementation of the NBS
Please specify “other type of area” before implementation of the NBS
This case concerns the Savanxay Market area which is situated "in the heart of the town, [and] is a hub of economic activity" (Ref. 1). The intervention will occur within the immediate proximity of the existing market and support its continued functioning.
Timeline of intervention
Start date of the intervention (planning process)
2012
Start date of intervention (implementation process)
in planning stage
End date of the intervention
ongoing
Present stage of the intervention
Goals of the intervention
In light of the projected increases in runoff and streamflow as a result of climate change, the integrated adaptation plan aims to minimise the extent and severity of flooding within Kaysone (Ref. 1). Specifically, the project aims to:
- drain waste and stormwater into the Mekong and improve onsite waste treatment and drainage.
- provide an area of high-quality amenity and beauty for vendors, users and tourists alike with green space and walkways to the Mekong River.
- facilitate runoff through natural drainage corridors and enhance infiltration of groundwater.
- limiting or accommodating river overtopping as much as possible through sustainable urban planning and appropriate green infrastructure design.
- help the Kaysone area to become a more liveable space, with nature being brought back to the urban centre also "provid[ing] residents and tourists with recreational areas, and improv[ing] people’s living standards" (Ref. 3).
- reduce flooding that affects local livelihoods and strengthens the capacity of the local community in adapting to climate change;
- reduce duration and frequency of flooding;
- increase knowledge and participation of the locals in responding to climate change impacts;
- greatly enhance the beauty and amenity of the area as a recreational and touristic asset with links to the Mekong River.
Quantitative targets
Unknown

Monitoring indicators defined
Ref. 1 outlines the indicators defined for the intervention as follows:
- Performance of monthly monitoring on all system components to ensure they are working properly including waste management, drainage (including green infrastructure components) and rainwater collection
systems, gardens and wetlands; and
- Regular consultation with market users and the local community.
Climate change adaptation: What were the goals of the NBS?
Climate change adaptation: What activities are implemented to realize the conservation goals and targets?
Implementation activities
NBS-specific implementation activities within both the market area itself and within the adjacent parking area will see re-design for maximisation of permeable surfaces and infiltration through the installation of green infrastructure including bio-swales, permeable paving and rain gardens to reduce run-off and flooding (Ref. 1). Walkways and footpaths will further see an increase of "permeable surfaces and infiltration through green infrastructure such as nature strips, stormwater tree pits, permeable paving, bio-swales and rain-gardens" (Ref. 1).
Tree canopy and vegetation cover will be maximised to promote evapotranspiration and reduce run-off, and natural drainage corridors will be identified and rehabilitated using green infrastructure (Ref. 1).
NBS domain and interventions
Ecological domain(s) where the NBS intervention(s) is/are implemented
Grey infrastructure featuring greens
Alley or street trees and other street vegetation
Green parking lots
Green areas for water management
Rain gardens
Swales and filter strips
Sustainable urban drainage systems
Other
Please specify "other green areas for water management"
In addition to rain gardens, bioswales and nature strips, permeable paving will be maximised to aid water management and trees and vegetation will be maximised to promote evapotranspiration and reduce surface run-off (Ref. 1). Natural drainage corridors will further be identified and rehabilitated through green infrastructure approaches (Ref. 1), although further details on this are as yet unknown.
Vegetation Type
Please specify how many trees were planted
Unknown
Amenities offered by the NBS
Services
Expected ecosystem services delivered
Regulating services
Flood regulation
Water purification / filtration
Habitat and supporting services
Habitats for species
Cultural services
Tourism
Recreation
Mental and physical health and wellbeing
Intellectual interactions (scientific and / or educational)
Scale
Spatial scale
Sub-microscale: Street scale (including buildings)
Beneficiaries
Primary Beneficiaries
Please specify "other primary beneficiary"
Primary beneficiaries of the intervention are considered to comprise "highly vulnerable communities living in flood areas around the market and adjacent to the Mekong exit canal", and also "the broader community who use the market and surrounding residential areas, shops and commercial developments" (Ref. 1).
Governance
Non-government actors
Non-governmental organisation (NGO) / Civil society / Churches
Private sector/Corporate/Business
Citizens or community groups
Financial institution (e.g. bank, insurer, pension fund)
Coalition with multiple of the above
Please specify the roles of the specific government and non-government actor groups involved in the initiative
The Kaysone adaptation plan has been developed by the Kaysone Phomvihane Climate Change Core Group, which was formally established as a permanent technical advisory group in town development by the Provincial and town government in response to this TA 8186-REG: Climate Resilience in Cities (Ref. 1). The Core Group involves "technical staff from town and provincial infrastructure, planning and environment departments as well as the Women’s Union", and coordinates with "other departments in Kaysone Phomvihane on issues of climate resilience", providing recommendations to the Savannakhet Province and Kaysone Phomvihane municipal governments (Ref. 1).

Implementation, management, monitoring and maintenance of the adaptation strategy itself will be undertaken by local residents, members of the Core Group, the private sector and both "technical and administrative government agency staff working at the district and province-level" (Ref. 1).
Key actors - Other stakeholders involved (besides initiating actors)
Regional government
Local government/municipality
Non-government organisation/civil society
Private sector/corporate actor/company
Citizens or community group
Policy drivers
NBS intervention implemented in response to an Regional Directive/Strategy
No
NBS intervention implemented in response to a national regulations/strategy/plan
Unknown
NBS intervention implemented in response to a local regulation/strategy/plan
Unknown
Mandatory or voluntary intervention
Voluntary (spontaneous)
Please specify other type of voluntary intervention
The adaptation plan and recommendations for the use of NBS has arisen as a result of the Core Group's work. It was particularly undertaken as past responses to extreme weather events in the town had limited success, and as evidenced by the lack of a pre-existing climate change adaptation plan, "town master planning and infrastructure development in the town does not take climate change or a completed understanding of past flooding into consideration" (Ref. 1).
Enablers
Presence of specific city-level GI/NBS vision/strategy/plan - mentioned in connection to the project
Unknown
Presence of specific city-level GI/NBS section/part in a more general plan - mentioned in connection to the project
Yes
Please specify the general plan with GI/NBS section
This intervention focuses on the development of an integrated adaptation plan for the area around the market and adjacent to the Mekong canal. This plan includes NBS-specific components considering how the market's parking area provides an important opportunity for bioengineering and green cover, and that there is "an opportunity to use adjoining land as a constructed wetland and park for recreation, flood retention and stormwater treatment" (Ref. 1).
If there is a relevant strategy or plan, please specify the theme / type of the plan.
Please specify other vegetation type
Nature strips are to be planted, but it is unknown what species these will comprise. Similarly, it is unclear what vegetation will be planted along the drainage corridors which will be identified for identification and rehabilitation through green infrastructure approaches (Ref. 1).
Presence of city network or regional partnerships focused on NBS - mentioned in connection to the project
Unknown
Presence of GI / NBS research project - mentioned in connection to the project
Unknown
Subsidies/investment for GI / NBS in the city - mentioned in connection to the project
Unknown
Co-finance for NBS
Unknown
Co-financing governance arrangements
Unknown
Was this co-governance arrangement already in place, or was it set up specifically for this NBS?
Financing
Total cost
What is/was the Cost/Budget (EUR) of the NBS or green infrastructure elements?
Unknown
What are the total amount of expected annual maintenance costs?
Unknown
What is the expected annual maintenance costs of the NBS or GI elements?
Unknown
Please specify cost savings
Unknown
Please specify total cost (EUR)
Unknown
Please specify other source of funding
Whilst funding is yet to be secured for the Savanxay Market project and wider initiatives as included within the Kaysone adaptation plan developed by the Core Group, it is explained that "are various methods that could be employed for the Kaysone or Provincial government to raise revenue for adaptation. These include: official fees for solid waste collection and management, wastewater and potable water
fees, electricity fees and taxes from regular collections and possibly a tax on all international passengers entering
Kaysone by plane. A proportion of revenues from the existing tax base could be labelled to support adaptation
plan implementation" (Ref. 1).
Type of fund(s) used
Please specify other type of fund used
It is envisaged that the plan may be implemented through funds raised via additional taxes (see above for further details), or the reallocation of the existing tax base (Ref. 1).
Non-financial contribution
Unknown
Business models
Please specify technological innovation
Several technological innovations are proposed in accordance with the adaptation plan and the Savanxay Market demonstration site. In relation to the Savanxay Market, technological innovations will combine the use of NBS (rain garden, bioswales and nature strips, permeable paving, trees and vegetation, and rehabilitation of natural drainage corridors) with grey infrastructure development such as the "major upgrade of the open canal on the northern market boundary and across the car park" (completed to date) which will connect into a supporting pipe system (Ref. 1).
Please specify social innovation
The adaptation plan and recommendations for the implementation of NBS have arisen due to the lack of a pre-existing climate change adaptation strategy, and recognition that town planning policies to date did not take into account the anticipated impacts of climate change (Ref. 1).
Please specify novelty level of the innovation
As above, the adaptation strategy devised by the Core Group to which the Savanxay Market pertains has been developed due to the lack of both NBS and climate change adaptation strategies more broadly having been previously implemented in the town (Ref. 1).
Replicability/Transferability
Please specify Replicability/Transferability
It is unknown whether the NBS and adaptation strategies detailed for the Savanxay Market will be replicated elsewhere.
Impacts, benefits
Please specify other economic impact
Flooding which has occurred to date is recognised as having impacted "public health, amenity and mobility, as well as economic and livelihood impacts within the compound and surrounding area", thus the implementation of the adaptation strategy and proposed green and grey infrastructure should lessen these impacts both in the present and in light of the anticipated increase in flooding which may occur as a result of climate change (Ref. 1).
Description of environmental benefits
Implementation of NBS within the Savanxay Market area will increase the resilience of local communities to an increase in flooding which is anticipated to occur as a result of climate change (Ref. 1 & 3).
Improved onsite waste treatment and drainage through the use of NBS will further increase water quality (Ref. 3), the amount of green space within the urban centre, and see the rehabilitation of existing natural drainage corridors (Ref. 1).
Implementation is also thought to have the potential to "reduce erosion and vulnerability of settlements at the Mekong exit canal", avoid flooding of the market and residential areas; increase natural filtration and nutrient uptake processes, and provide the potential for exploration of "for waste recycling and energy production" opportunities (Ref. 1).
By improving water management on-site, reducing water pollution and installing new gardens and water bodies, improved biodiversity and ecosystem functioning is also anticipated (Ref. 1).
Description of economic benefits
Flooding has also been associated with increases in operation and maintenance costs and constraining of economic and livelihood activities, hence the implementation of the Core Group's recommendations ought to prevent these problems from worsening in light of climate change (Ref. 1).
Description of social and cultural benefits
In combination, implementation of green and grey infrastructure as recommended by the adaptation strategy is anticipated to improve resident's living standards; provide residents and tourists with recreational areas; bring nature back into the town centre; reduce the direct impacts of climate change in relation to flooding on communities wellbeing and livelihoods; provide "an educational component to improve understanding of climate change impacts and adaptation among local people" (Ref. 3), and improve residents’ mobility (Ref. 1).
Type of reported impacts
Indicators
Whilst exact indicators are yet to be determined, Ref. 1 highlights the intention for monthly monitoring to be carried out, including: "Performing monthly monitoring on all system components to ensure they are working properly including waste management, drainage (including green infrastructure components) and rainwater collection systems, gardens and wetlands; [and] regular consultation with market users and local community".
Analysis of specific impact categories
Job creation: The NBS created ...
Please specify other method used to evaluate the impacts of NBS
As regards the current issues of flooding and solid waste management, consultations will also be carried out with market users and the local community on a regular basis (Ref. 1), although the exact method that this is expected to take is unknown. Regarding maintenance of the implemented green and grey infrastructure, "Consultation meetings for solving problems [will be held] with three key parties: local government, market concessioner, shoppers and communities" (Ref. 1).
Negative impacts: Did the project cause any problems or concerns?
No information was found regarding negative impacts of the project
COVID-19 pandemic
Unknown as of October of 2021.
Methods of impact monitoring
Evidence for use of assessment
Presence of an assessment, evaluation and/or monitoring process
Yes
Presence of indicators used in reporting
No evidence in public records
Presence of monitoring/evaluation reports
No evidence in public records
Availability of a web-based monitoring tool
No
Impact assessment mechanism
Name of any specific impact assessment tools
Unknown.
Use of GIS in mapping impacts
No evidence in public records
Citizen involvement
Citizens involvement in assessment/evaluation
Yes
Mode(s) of citizen involvement in evaluation/assessment
Citizens involvement in the analysis of the assessment/evaluation
Yes
Please specify
Citizens are to be involved in analysis of the intervention through regular consultation (Ref. 1).
Follow-up to the evaluation / assessment
Unknown
References
List of references
1. Asian Development Bank (2015). Building Resilience in Kaysone Pomvihane, Lao PDR, Volume 7 of the Resource Kit for Building Resilience and Sustainability in Mekong Towns. Prepared by ICEM – International Centre for Environmental Management for the Asian Development Bank and Nordic Development Fund. Manila: ADB. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lhsv1M0HA1M3HMWNUH56dKOhUpZezBn3/view [accessed 5/10/21];
2. Asian Development Bank (2016). Nature-based solutions for building resilience in towns and cities: Case studies from the Greater Mekong Subregion. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/215721/nature-based-solutions.pdf [accessed 6/10/21]; and
3. Greater Mekong Subregion Secretariat (2017). Building Tough, Resilient Towns in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Metro Manila, Philippines: Regional Cooperation and Operations Coordination Division, Southeast Asia Department, Asian Development Bank. https://www.greatermekong.org/building-tough-resilient-towns-greater-mekong-subregion [accessed 6/10/21].
Comments and notes
Additional insights
The following text is taken from the short description:
Kaysone experiences severe flooding events on an annual basis, due to its "location on the banks of the Mekong River mak[ing] it susceptible to increased flooding from riverbank overtopping and backing up of floodwaters along tributaries and drainage corridors combined with regular intensive rainfall on the town and its catchment. It also experiences periodic tropical storms" (Ref. 1). Past responses to these flooding events have focused on two infrastructural pieces in the area: the Savanxay Market and the Southern Flood Gate, but with limited success (Ref. 1). The Savanxay Market is the focal point of this NBS intervention, as "the market and its drainage system have serious flooding and drainage challenges with implications for public health, amenity and mobility, as well as economic and livelihood impacts within the compound and surrounding area" (Ref. 1). The wider area is also subject to droughts (Ref. 1).

As a result of climate change, rainfall in Kaysone is projected to increase by 10% in the wet season and by 13% in the dry season, and temperatures are also likely to increase: average maximum temperatures are likely to increase by 2C in the dry season and 2.2C in the wet season, with changes likely to have impacts on water availability and hydrology (Ref. 1). Ref. 1 nonetheless summarises that prior to its publication, climate change had not been considered in the town's policy responses nor town master planning and infrastructure development.

Other text removed:
By achieving the above goals of the intervention, it is hoped that the Kaysone community will experience reduced "long-term harm because of the diversion of their scarce resources from social services and other activities to emergency responses to floods and other climate-related disasters" (Ref. 3).

Drainage canals will further be re-designing to ensure adequate drainage capacity and fall so that stormwater is directed to the Mekong River and within the wider watershed, permeable surfaces will be maximised to reduce run-off and absorb floodwaters (Ref. 1).


It was as part of the scoping process "in setting priorities for detailed vulnerability assessments and adaptation planning" that the Core Group selected two case study demonstration sites, one of which is the Savanxay Market, for which the group conducted a baseline assessment of the site and provided the conclusions and NBS recommendations as per the adaptation strategy which is further outlined within this case study (Ref. 1). To date, many local community communities have been involved in the vulnerability assessment and wider development of the adaptation plan, themselves originating from "different administrative levels and hav[ing] different responsibilities (villages, local government sectors, central government sectors, NGOs and international organisations)" (Ref. 1).
Public Images
Image
Kaysone flooding: current state and predicted impacts of climate change
Kaysone flooding: current state and predicted impacts of climate change
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lhsv1M0HA1M3HMWNUH56dKOhUpZezBn3/view
Image
Proposed interventions for Savanxay Market
Proposed interventions for Savanxay Market
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lhsv1M0HA1M3HMWNUH56dKOhUpZezBn3/view
Image
Proposed interventions for the market parking lot including examples of permeable paving, bio-swales and rain-gardens to increase infiltration and water purification
Proposed interventions for the market parking lot including examples of permeable paving, bio-swales and rain-gardens to increase infiltration and water purification
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lhsv1M0HA1M3HMWNUH56dKOhUpZezBn3/view
Image
Proposed interventions including transformation of vacant lot into a constructed wetland, flood retention and recreation area
Proposed interventions including transformation of vacant lot into a constructed wetland, flood retention and recreation area
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lhsv1M0HA1M3HMWNUH56dKOhUpZezBn3/view
Image
Proposed interventions pertaining to walkways and footpaths around the market (left) with examples of permeable paving (top right), vegetated nature strips and drainage (bottom right)
Proposed interventions pertaining to walkways and footpaths around the market (left) with examples of permeable paving (top right), vegetated nature strips and drainage (bottom right)
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lhsv1M0HA1M3HMWNUH56dKOhUpZezBn3/view