1. General information
Location and description of the intervention
City or FUA
Lima (FUA)
Region
Latin America and the Caribbean
Native title of the NBS intervention
Parque Bicentenario De Miraflores
Short description of the intervention
The Miraflores Bicentennial Park has been built on the Malecón de la Reserva and the Quebrada de Armendáriz. It was inaugurated in June 2022 as one of the created projects within the framework of the commemorations of the 200 years of Independence celebrations (1). It is considered a new green lung of Lima (2), as it has a green area of 30,400 square metres and stands on one of the cliffs of the Costa Verde (1). It has a system of terraces that replicates the construction model of the Incas, which has made it possible to additionally reinforce the soil and the slopes with the use of retaining walls up to 10 metres high, with horizontal geogrids and vertical geocells (1, 2). It was structured on a stabilised slope in order to mitigate the risk of landslides (4), and an irrigation system was implemented to stabilise the soil (4).
This space was built as a biodiversity garden with more than 160,000 xerophilic coastal species with low water consumption, 300 trees and 80 palm trees. It also offers places for tourism, such as viewpoints and squares, where cultural events, open-air activities and rest areas are held (1). It also aims to connect aspects of landscape conservation, preservation of biodiversity in the city, and the construction of a cultural landscape in which human action is complementary and friendly to the natural environment (9). Finally, it seeks to contribute to the reduction of the municipality's carbon footprint by reducing the harmful effects of urban expansion on the Lima cliff ecosystem, such as deforestation, water pollution and loss of biodiversity (9).
Website of the intervention
https://consultasenlinea.mincetur.gob.pe/fichaInventario/index.aspx?cod_Ficha=1…
Principal problems
Climate-Related Hazards
Coastal hazards (e.g. erosion, flooding)
Environmental Degradation
Biodiversity loss
Deforestation and forest degradation
Poor water quality
Health, Well-being and Social cohesion
Disconnection from nature
Implementation area characterization
Climate
Arid (Desert, Steppe)
Ecosystem
Urban or built environment
Address

VX7F+JG7, Miraflores 15074, Perú
Miraflores
Peru

Location
The NBS is situated in an area, with clear delineation of boundaries and a specific shape (polygon). The NBS project can also have more than one area location (more than one polygon, situated close by).
Area boundary (map-based)
NBS area image
Source of NBS area image
https://visitamiraflores.com/lugares/parque-bicentenario-de-miraflores/
Total area
30400.00m²
Area description
Urban (main city)
Type of area before implementation of the NBS
Unknown
Timeline of intervention
Start date of the intervention (planning process)
unknown
Start date of intervention (implementation process)
2020
End date of the intervention
2022
Present stage of the intervention
Completed
Objectives of the intervention
Goals of the intervention
- To provide green space for recreation, contact with nature and outdoor activities (1)
- To reduce the risk of landslides (4)
- To reduce the gaps in public services for economic and social integration (9)
- To increase and preserve urban coastal flora and fauna (9)
- To promote tourism and economic reactivation (9)
- To encourage neighbourhood participation, promote civic collaboration and generate a sense of belonging and ownership among neighbours and the floating population (2, 9)
- To consolidate safe, inclusive, accessible, green and quality public spaces which provide adequate conditions for families (2, 9)
- To contribute to improving social, intergenerational interaction and diverse cultural expressions (2, 9)
- To improve the physical, environmental and functional conditions of the slope of the Armendáriz ravine (9)
- To improve the quality of air and life of the population (9)
Key Priorities
Climate action (adaptation and/or mitigation)
Biodiversity (conservation and/or restoration)
Social Justice and community
Sustainability challenge(s) addressed
Climate action for adaptation, resilience and mitigation (SDG 13)
Climate change adaptation
Coastal resilience and marine protection (SDG 14)
Coastal protection / hazard mitigation
Environmental quality
Air quality improvement
Green space, habitats and biodiversity (SDG 15)
Green space creation and/or management
Habitat and biodiversity conservation
Cultural heritage and cultural diversity
Promotion of cultural diversity
Health and well-being (SDG 3)
Creation of opportunities for recreation
Enabling opportunities for physical activity
Improving physical health
Social justice, cohesion and equity (SDG 10)
Social interaction
Sense of community and community engagement
Economic development and employment (SDG 8)
Tourism support
Climate change adaptation: What activities are implemented to realize the conservation goals and targets?
Restore and protect forests for soil stabilisation and prevention of landslides
Habitats and biodiversity conservation: What types of conservation goals are / were defined for the NBS intervention?
Species-focused
Ecosystem-focused
Habitats and biodiversity conservation: What activities are implemented to realize the conservation goals and targets?
Protect and enhance urban habitats
Create new habitats
Preserve and strengthen habitat connectivity
Protect species
Undertake specific measures to protect species
Undertake specific measures to protect native species
Undertake specific measures to protect valued species
Implementation activities and NBS focus
Implementation activities
- A drip irrigation system was implemented to increase and guarantee the safety of the slope, providing the plants with the necessary water resources (9). In addition, the terrace system was designed to reproduce the Inca model, giving additional reinforcement to the soil and slopes to stabilize the cliff slope, which is currently highly eroded (1, 10).
- The following vegetation was planted: 160,000 xerophilic coastal species, 300 trees, and 80 palm trees creating a diverse and sustainable ecosystem (1).
- To provide educational spaces, the plants and trees planted have identification so that citizens can learn more about them (1, 9).
- To increase tourism, viewpoints have been built (1), and to provide recreational spaces, there are paths and squares where cultural activities take place (1).
- To ensure that it is an inclusive space, ramps and platforms have been built to allow people with physical difficulties to access the different spaces (5).
Type of NBS project
Creation of new green areas
Creation of large parks and urban and peri-urban forests
Coastal landscape management or protection
Improving coastal resilience
NBS domain and interventions
Ecological domain(s) where the NBS intervention(s) is/are implemented
Blue infrastructure
Coastlines
Parks and urban forests
Large urban parks or forests
Amenities offered by the NBS
Benches and drinking water stations
Educational or biodiversity trails
Cultural (museum, concert areas)
Viewing and outlook points
Design elements for well-being
Visual elements (e.g., expansive views, scenic views, natural light, diverse vegetation)
Services
Expected ecosystem services delivered
Provisioning services
Water (surface and ground water for drinking and non-drinking purposes)
Regulating services
Coastal protection
Pollination
Habitat and supporting services
Habitats for species
Cultural services
Tourism
Aesthetic appreciation
Inspiration for culture, art and design
Recreation
Mental and physical health and wellbeing
Intellectual interactions (scientific and / or educational)
Physical and experiential interactions with plants and animals
Social and community interactions
Scale
Spatial scale
Micro-scale: District/neighbourhood level
Beneficiaries
Demographics in implementation area
The district of Miraflores has a total population of 115,016 people, of which 59,968 are women and 55,048 are men (11). It is a district with predominantly medium-high and high-income housing (12).
Socio-economic profile of the area
High-income
Communities vulnerable to environmental hazards or climate change impacts
Unknown
Primary Beneficiaries
Local government/Municipality
Citizens or community groups
Marginalized groups
Other
Please specify "other primary beneficiary"
Tourists
Specify primary beneficiaries
The Bicentennial Park encourages neighbourhood participation, promotes civic collaboration and generates a sense of belonging and ownership among neighbours and the floating population (9). It was built for the enjoyment of neighbours, tourists and the community at large (9).
As for the benefits for the city, it is considered an emblematic work of Peruvian landscaping, being considered a new green lung of Lima, and has been nominated for Cycle 5 of the MCHAP Biennial (American Mies Crown Hall Award) (1, 2).
Marginalized groups
People with functional diversities
Measures for inclusion of marginalised groups
It is considered as an inclusive project as it has access facilities, such as ramps, for people with reduced mobility (1, 5, 9).
Specify measures taken for vulnerable or marginalized communities
Provision of resources tailored to the unique challenges faced by vulnerable or marginalized groups
Other beneficiaries
Local wildlife (e.g., birds, pollinators)
Natural habitats (e.g. wetland, forests, coastal areas)
Ecosystem services (e.g. improved air quality, water purification)
Governance
Governance arrangements
Government-led
Please specify the roles of the specific government and non-government actor groups involved in the initiative
Central Government (Ministry of Housing: co-financier, as part of the Special Bicentenary Project): main funder (9)
Miraflores Municipality: co-founder of the project, as part of the political agenda of the Miraflores mayor's office led by Luis Molina (2, 9). It is also in charge of project development, construction and promotion of the project (1, 9, 10)
A designated and renowned architect was employed for the design of the park (2)
Key actors - initiating organization
National government
Key actors - Other stakeholders involved (besides initiating actors)
Local government/municipality
Public sector institution
Private sector/corporate actor/company
Level of citizen and community engagement
Unknown
Participatory methods/forms of stakeholder involvement (all stakeholders)
Unknown
Uncommon actors ("Missing actors")
Unknown
Land owners
Public space owned by the city
Policy drivers
NBS intervention implemented in response to a Regional Directive/Strategy
Unknown
NBS intervention implemented in response to a national regulations/strategy/plan
Yes
Please specify the national regulations/strategy/plan
It is implemented in line with the 2030 Agenda (9) and is part of the new global urban agenda promoted by UN-Habitat (10)
If there is a relevant strategy or plan, please specify the theme/type of the plan
Other
Please specify other national policy instrument
Proyecto Especial Bicentenario (Bicentenary Special Project) (1, 12)
NBS intervention implemented in response to a local regulation/strategy/plan
Unknown
Mandatory or voluntary intervention
Voluntary (spontaneous)
Please specify other type of voluntary intervention
It is part of the Proyecto Especial Bicentenario (Bicentenary Special Project), as a country development project for the commemoration of 200 years of independence. This project supports the generation of social, environmental and cultural projects to promote an active population which takes action on the problems that afflict the country (12)
Enablers & Barriers
Type of enablers
Funds, subsidies or investment for GI/NBS in the city (available for the city or provided by the city)
Please provide details (e.g, name of the plan or strategy) for the selected policies or initiatives.
This park is part of a series of parks and green areas that are being built in the country to celebrate Peru's 200 years of independence, following the Bicentennial Special Project, led and funded by the Peruvian Government and some ministries (1, 9).
Governace and decison-making instruments
Strategic instruments (e.g. GI strategies, green space strategy or plans)
Standards, certifications or guidelines (e.g. standards for accessible green space; biodiversity standards)
Arrangements for governance cooperation
Information-sharing platforms or networks (e.g. websites for sharing best practices, data or resources pertinent to the project)
Conflict resolution mechanisms (e.g. mediation panel or team focused on addressing disputes or disagreements among stakeholders)
Barriers
At the beginning of the construction of the park, there were protests and unrest from local residents, as there were concerns about the viability of the land, the location of the park, the environmental costs of its construction and the social licence (6, 7)
Financing
Total cost
More than €4,000,000
Please specify total cost (EUR)
32,300,000 Peruvian soles - 7,645,440 euros. as of September 25, 2024, the exchange rate is approximately 1 Peruvian sol = 0.2368 euros.
What is/was the Cost/Budget (EUR) of the NBS or green infrastructure elements?
7,645,440 EUR
Source(s) of funding
Public local authority budget
Public national budget
Type of fund(s) used
Earmarked public budget
Direct funding (grants, subsidies, or self-financed projects by private entities)
Non-financial contribution
No
Co-finance for NBS
Yes
Co-governance arrangement
Unknown
Entrepreneurship opportunities
No
Business models
Business models
Risk reduction model
Green densification model
Green health model
Which of the involved actors was motivated by this model?
Public actor (e.g. municipality)
Impacts, benefits
Environmental impacts
Climate change
Improved resilience against landslides
Expected improved resilience against landslides
Water management and blue areas
Enhanced protection and restoration of coastal and marine ecosystems
Expected enhanced protection and restoration of coastal and marine ecosystems
Green space and habitat
Increased green space area
Achieved increased green space area
Reduced biodiversity loss
Expected reduced biodiversity loss
Increased number of species present
Achieved increased number of species present
Please specify other economic impact
Landscaping award
Description of environmental benefits
- Improved resilience against landslides: The project is expected to have a role in "increase and preservation of urban coastal flora and fauna". (...) "The project improves the physical, environmental and functional conditions of the slope of the Armendáriz ravine." (...) "To ensure the safety of the slope, a drip irrigation system was implemented, which allows the plants to receive the necessary water resources." (9).
- Enhanced protection and restoration of coastal and marine ecosystems: "The reality is that 83% of the project will be green areas and the creation of paths is the minimum necessary and responds to criteria of beach accessibility and to provide stability to the slope of the cliff, which currently shows great erosion" (10)
-Increased green space area: "It is an extensive green area of 30,400 square metres." (1)
-Achieved increased number of species present & Reduced biodiversity loss: "This space is a great garden of biodiversity with more than 160,000 xerophilic coastal species, with low water consumption, 300 trees and 80 palm trees." (1)"More than 83% of the project is a green area, created by using existing species on part of the slope and installing new and diverse species, which favours biodiversity." (9)
Environmental impact indicators
Green space area created (in ha)
3.04
Other indicators
2.65% increase in green area per capita (9)
Economic impacts
More sustainable tourism
Achieved more sustainable tourism
Other
Description of economic benefits
- More sustainable tourism: "Foreign tourists: 1845. Municipality of Miraflores, months of June and July 2022. National Tourists: 3694. Municipality of Miraflores, months of June and July of the year 2022" (1)
- Landscaping award: For its architecture and landscaping, it has been nominated for Cycle 5 of the MCHAP Biennial (American Mies Crown Hall Award). In 2025, the winner will be chosen and will receive an award of $50,000 for research (2)
Social and cultural impacts
Social justice and cohesion
Improved access to urban green space
Achieved improved access to urban green space
Health and wellbeing
Gain in activities for recreation and exercise
Expected gain in activities for recreation and exercise
Improved physical health
Expected improved physical health
Cultural heritage and sense of place
Improvement in people’s connection to nature
Expected improvement in people’s connection to nature
Increased sense of place identity, memory and belonging
Achieved increased sense of place identity, memory and belonging
Increased appreciation for natural spaces
Expected increased appreciation for natural spaces
Description of social and cultural benefits
-Improved access to urban green space: "With these new green areas we increased the green area per capita for the population of the Miraflores district by 2.65%, achieving an improvement in the quality of air and life of the population." (9)
-Gain in activities for recreation and exercise & Improved physical health: "The park promotes pedestrian walking as part of physical well-being" (9)
- Increased sense of place identity, memory and belonging: "The Bicentennial Park is the only public investment project of a Local Government of Lima, co-financed by the Ministry of Housing, as part of the Bicentennial Special Project, which has been fully executed, and which has already fulfilled its function of revalorising the cliff of the city's Costa Verde." (9)
- Increased appreciation for natural spaces & improvement in people’s connection to nature: "It is committed to recovering the close relationship between people and nature, promoting pedestrian walking as part of physical wellbeing, generating visual connections towards the horizon of the sea, contemplating the sunsets, the islands, the cliff and the city, with a variety of routes, allowing the sequential discovery of the ravine" (9)
Evidence for use of assessment
Presence of an assessment, evaluation and/or monitoring process
Unknown
Presence of indicators used in reporting
Yes
Type of indicators
Outcome indicators
Presence of monitoring/evaluation reports
No evidence in public records
Availability of a web-based monitoring tool
No evidence in public records
Name of any specific impact assessment tools
Unknown
Use of GIS in mapping impacts
No evidence in public records
Cost-benefit analysis
Unknown
Transparency
Clear communication channels for stakeholders to provide feedback, raise concerns, and ask questions about the project
Public disclosure of project funding sources and/or budgets
Justice
Community satisfaction
Mixed: Feedback and reports show a combination of positive and negative sentiments regarding satisfaction with the NBS project within the community.
Description of locals satisfaction with the project
At the beginning of construction, there were protests and complaints about the lack of consultation with local residents in the implementation of the project, about the alteration of the cliff and its vegetation cover and the investment of public money during an economic, health and social crisis resulting from COVID (6, 10).
On the other hand, some neighbours are in favour of the construction, indicating that it is a project that improves the area in terms of the environment, well-being and access to green areas (5).
Trade-offs & Negative impacts
Social justice and conflicts
Lack of social acceptance
Please specify Trade-offs & Negative impacts Selected
At the beginning of construction, there were protests and complaints about the lack of consultation with local residents in the implementation of the project, about the alteration of the cliff and its vegetation cover and the investment of public money during an economic, health and social crisis resulting from COVID (6, 10).
On the other hand, some neighbours are in favour of the construction, indicating that it is a project that improves the area in terms of the environment, well-being and access to green areas (5).
Emphasis of existing social inequalities or injustices
No information reported related to negative social justice-related impacts of the NBS project
Measures to prevent gentrification or displacement
Unknown
High-quality & Transformative NBS
Multiple impacts delivery (climate, biodiversity, just community)
Yes
Goal setting and impacts delivery
Yes, from the planning phase the project aimed to address issues in these three key priority areas and it also delivered benefits across these three areas.
Reaching original project goals
Some of the project goals were achieved
Long-term perspective
Yes
Cost-effective solutions
Unknown
Equitable impacts
B. Particular population groups have reported unequal distribution of project impacts or dissatisfaction.
Reason for unequal distribution of project benefits
Other
Transformative capacity
Social change (e.g. social relationships, networks and dynamics within them)
Ecological change (e.g. ecosystem functions and their distribution)
Magnitude of change
Reformist: by focusing on addressing underlying drivers of change but failing to address the problem structurally or systemically
Application of lessons learned
The NBS contributed to global and national targets for human well-being, climate and biodiversity
Perception of Environmental Change
Unknown
References
1.
Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo (n.d.). Parque Bicentenario De Miraflores. Accessed on August 26, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
2.
Diario Oficial del Bicentenario El Peruano (2024). Parque Bicentenario de Miraflores es nominado a premio mundial de arquitectura El espacio verde, consid. Accessed on August 26, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
3.
Panamericana (2020). Miraflores: parque Bicentenario ocupará casi 4 hectáreas del acantilado Armendáriz. Accessed on August 26, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
4.
Visita Miraflores (n.d.). Parque Bicentenario de Miraflores. Accessed on August 26, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
5.
Municipalidad Miraflores (2022). Parque Bicentenario Miraflores. Accessed on August 26, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
6.
Canal N (2020). Vecinos de Miraflores protestan contra construcción del Parque Bicentenario. Accessed on August 26, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
7.
Turiweb: Noticias de Turismo y Viajes (2022). Miraflores: paralización de obras del Parque Bicentenario genera pérdidas por S/ 600,000. Accessed on August 26, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
8.
Monitoreo y Seguimiento de Contrataciones Públicas de Perú (2020). Municipalidad Distrital De Miraflores - Lima. Accessed on August 26, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
9.
ANRP México (2023). Parque Bicentenario de la ciudad de Miraflores. Accessed on August 26, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
10.
Espinoza, E. (n.d.). Urbanismo: el debate sobre el Parque Bicentenario. Accessed on August 26, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
11.
Ministerio de Salud (2024). Estadística Poblacional. Accessed on August 26, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
12.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (2020). Planos Estratificados de Lima Metropolitana a Nivel de Manzanas 2020. Accessed on August 26, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
13.
Culture Ministry (2024). Una oportunidad histórica. Accessed on August 26, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
Comments and notes
Comments
I found a couple of links where the bidding process for the project is supposed to be registered, but they cannot be opened or downloaded, so it was not possible for me to delve into this information, which could be useful in terms of transparency and governance. I leave them here:

https://www.perulicitaciones.com/creaci%EF%BF%BDn-del-parque-bicentenario-de-miraflores-en-el-malec%EF%BF%BDn-armendariz-del-distrito-de-miraflores-provincia-de-lima-departamento-de-lima-creacion-del-parque-bicentenario-lct229548.html

https://www.perulicitaciones.com/supervision-de-obra-%EF%BF%BDcreacion-de-parque-bicentenario-de-miraflores-en-el-malecon-armendariz-del-distrito-de-miraflores-provincia-lima-departamento-lima%EF%BF%BD-supervision-de-ob-lct235392.html
Public Images
Picture of the Park
Picture of Miraflores Park
ANPR México
Panoramic of Miraflores Park
Photo of the Miraflores park
El Peruano
Picture of one of the trails of the Miraflores Park
Parque Bicentenario Miraflores
Visita Miraflores
Indicator
Achieved increased green space area
Impact evaluation
Moderate
Degree of confidence
Medium
Indicator
Achieved increased number of species present
Impact evaluation
Moderate
Degree of confidence
Medium
Indicator
Achieved improved access to urban green space
Impact evaluation
Strong
Degree of confidence
Medium