1. General information
Location and description of the intervention
City or FUA
Thessaloniki (FUA)
Region
Europe
Native title of the NBS intervention
Ανάπλαση ζώνης πρασίνου κατά μήκος των βυζαντινών τειχών (Οδός Επταπυργίου)
Short description of the intervention
The green belt regeneration project along the Byzantine Walls of Thessaloniki aims to revitalize the neglected green spaces surrounding these historic fortifications, which span 4 kilometers and are recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site for their remarkable Byzantine architecture. The walls are located in Thessaloniki’s densely populated Upper Town, a factor that contributed to their environmental degradation. As such, the project focuses on restoring the degraded space surrounding the walls, improving the urban microclimate, and strengthening urban resilience while maintaining the area’s traditional character. By integrating heritage conservation with sustainable green infrastructure, the initiative seeks to provide both environmental and social benefits to the local community. Proposed by the Municipality of Thessaloniki and approved by the Greek government as part of a program that focuses on Central Macedonia, the project envisions a revitalized green zone along the walls, with vegetation and different types of trees being planted. However, some local families have expressed concerns, as the project involved the demolition of certain homes in the officially designated green belt area. (Refs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 14).
Implementation area characterization
Address

Eptapyrgiou Rd
546 34 Thessaloniki
Greece

Area boundary (map-based)
NBS area image
Source of NBS area image
Source: GRTIMES (https://www.grtimes.gr/ellada/dimos-thessalonikis-dimioyrgeitai-prasinos-peripatos-sta-vyzantina-teichi)
Source Area of NBS: Interventions in a neighborhood of "Kastroplikta" - (http://ikee.lib.auth.gr/record/347391/files/GEORGA_THEODORIDI_A4.pdf)
Area description
Timeline of intervention
Start date of the intervention (planning process)
2011
Start date of intervention (implementation process)
2022
End date of the intervention
2023
Present stage of the intervention
Objectives of the intervention
Goals of the intervention
- To showcase the walls and create a ‘green zone’ along them
-To improve access to green spaces in a city characterized by a dense urban structure and limited open areas, thereby enhancing overall livability and recreational and social interactions opportunities (Ref 2, 3).
-To address climate change challenges, particularly the impacts of natural phenomena such as high summer temperatures and intense winter rainfall and to improve the urban microclimate (Ref. 5, 6)
-To improve the urban environment through the regeneration of degraded areas, including sites slated for reconstruction, while reducing air pollution and implementing noise reduction measures (Ref 3).
- To provide both environmental and social benefits by enhancing public spaces, improving urban resilience, and promoting heritage conservation (Ref 2, 3, 4).
Climate change adaptation: What activities are implemented to realize the conservation goals and targets?
Implementation activities and NBS focus
Implementation activities
The revitalization of the area focuses on creating and enhancing green spaces, with the implementation of a clean network of walking paths featuring designated stopping points and open green areas for relaxation. Rest and play areas have been integrated into the landscape, with benches designed to encourage social interaction. Green zones have been maintained along the Byzantine Walls, preserving natural slopes to enhance the visual appeal of the surroundings.
The landscaping plan includes a mix of low plants throughout the area, while specific spots are designated for tall trees, providing shade for seating areas. Efforts have been made to preserve all valuable existing trees, ensuring they remain an essential part of the landscape. Where feasible, paths along Eptapyrgiou Street have been widened to improve accessibility, and modern lighting has been installed to illuminate pathways and highlight the architectural features of the wall.

An archaeology sub-project has also been implemented to explore and celebrate the historical significance of the area. Additionally, a public bidding process was conducted to select construction contractors, ensuring a transparent and efficient revitalization process.(Ref. 2, 4, 7, 8)
NBS domain and interventions
Ecological domain(s) where the NBS intervention(s) is/are implemented
Grey infrastructure featuring greens
Alley or street trees and other street vegetation
Parks and urban forests
Green corridors and green belts
Services
Expected ecosystem services delivered
Regulating services
Local climate regulation (temperature reduction)
Air quality regulation
Noise reduction
Flood regulation
Cultural services
Aesthetic appreciation
Recreation
Social and community interactions
Scale
Spatial scale
Micro-scale: District/neighbourhood level
Beneficiaries
Demographics in implementation area
Demographics in implementation area are only available at the municipality (city) level.
- Age groups: In total there is a population of 319 044 in the Municipality of Thessaloniki as of 2021 (Ref 15). There is an even distribution among age groups of every ten years, with slight higher percentage for age groups 10-19 (14.67%), 50-59 (13.72%) and 40-49 (13.63%) (ibid.);
- Income levels: Average base salary in Thessaloniki is 31,530 € (EUR)/yr, higher than the national average (28,351 € (EUR)/yr), with an average hourly rate of 15.16 € (EUR)/hr (Ref 16);
- Ethnicity: 12.97% of the population in the Municipality of Thessaloniki was born outside of Greece (Ref 15);
- Household sizes: Average household size is 1.98 (Ref 8). 44.91% of the households are single-person household, while 28.10% are two-person households (Ref 17).
Socio-economic profile of the area
Communities vulnerable to environmental hazards or climate change impacts
Unknown
Specify primary beneficiaries
- Local government/Municipality: The Municipality of Thessaloniki benefits from preserved cultural heritage, enhanced urban greenery and improved city image (Ref 2, 3, 10);
- Private sector/Corporate/Company: Construction contractor such as ΤΑΚΟΥΔΗΣ ΑΕ gained work opportunity from public tender of the project and achieved reputation and additional payment from timely delivery (Ref 4, 11);
- Citizens or community groups: Citizens and local communities benefit from increased access to urban green space, recreational facilities and preserved historical memory (Ref 12);
- Young people and children: Children benefit from the creation of play areas and playgrounds within the green belt (Ref 7).
- Marginalized groups: see evidence for the above.
Measures for inclusion of marginalised groups
Designing and creating play areas and playground for children (Ref 7).
Specify measures taken for vulnerable or marginalized communities
Please specify other measure
Implementation of specific facilities to fulfil the demands of these communities
Governance
Governance arrangements
Please specify the roles of the specific government and non-government actor groups involved in the initiative
The Municipality of Thessaloniki proposed and co-operated the project , while the Ministry of National Economy and Finance was the co-funding authority. ΤΑΚΟΥΔΗΣ ΑΕ was selected as the contractor for the main project through a public tender process. Additionally, the Ministry of Culture was responsible for the archaeological sub-project, with formal contracts signed between the respective parties. The project is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). (Ref. 3, 4, 5, 6, 9)
Key actors - initiating organization
Key actors - Other stakeholders involved (besides initiating actors)
Private sector/corporate actor/company
EU body
Uncommon actors ("Missing actors")
Policy drivers
NBS intervention implemented in response to a Regional Directive/Strategy
Unknown
NBS intervention implemented in response to a national regulations/strategy/plan
Unknown
NBS intervention implemented in response to a local regulation/strategy/plan
Yes
Please specify the "local regulation/strategy/plan"
It is implemented within the framework of the local Sustainable Urban Development Strategy of Thessaloniki (Ref 5, 6).
Mandatory or voluntary intervention
Mandatory (based on policy)
Intervention is mandatory
Enablers & Barriers
Please provide details (e.g, name of the plan or strategy) for the selected policies or initiatives.
Funds and Support from transnational actors: The project as part of the "Central Macedonia 2014-2020" program, is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) (Ref 3).
Governance innovations: the municipality collaborated with a private actor to implement the action. (2)
Barriers
- Involuntary removal or relocation of individuals or vulnerable or marginalised communities from their homes: Around 10 families normally live in the houses of 'Kastroplikta' in this identified area as 'green belt', which are missing from the official town planning; "The reaction to the destruction of the adjacent refugee buildings was expressed from time to time mostly by residents and scientists, who highlighted, along with the need to protect the Wall, the need to preserve the memory and the refugee identity of the city"; 'Despite the memories, the 48-year-old realizes that such a house cannot provide the comforts he is used to as a resident of an apartment building. "If they compensate me I'll accept it and leave, but if they don't pay me the plot, I'm not giving the house."' (Ref 14).
- Loss of cultural heritage (e.g. culturally significant sites, traditional practices, and indigenous knowledge systems): "Mrs. Symeonides knew all the residents of the street. She describes with nostalgia that time, when the people who lived there had formed a real neighborhood, in which they shared their sorrows and joys. "Life was very nice. We sat outside on the benches, in the chairs and talked. The opposite houses were also low, and we enjoyed the view. The warmth we had then is not there now. Whether it's a celebration or a funeral, people would cook, stay up late" (Ref 14).
Financing
Please specify total cost (EUR)
There was a total public expenditure of €687,177.75 for the project (Ref 2).
Source(s) of funding
Non-financial contribution
Unknown
Co-finance for NBS
Yes
Co-governance arrangement
Entrepreneurship opportunities
Unknown
Business models
Business models
Which of the involved actors was motivated by this model?
Impacts, benefits
Description of environmental benefits
-Expected lowered local temperature: "The plantings are proposed to be done with low plants except in some places where it is proposed to plant individual tall trees and only to shade the sitting areas." (Ref 8)
-Expected improved air quality/-Expected reduced noise exposure: "Taking action to improve the urban environment, for the regeneration of cities, revitalization and disinfection of environmentally degraded areas (including areas to be reconstructed -), the reduction of air pollution and the promotion of noise reduction measures" (Ref. 3)
- Increased green space area: "The zone between Akropoleos Street and Palamidou Street, opposite the Vlatadon Monastery, is turning green, with the Byzantine walls standing out and the public space being upgraded" (Ref 8); "The space between the corridors and the platforms is green space and it also follows the general lines, except for a large part of it towards the west. Here the slope of the ground creates a natural slope which is preserved as a green space in a less strict form" (Ref 7);
- Increased number of species present: "Between the apartment buildings and the wall hides an impressive natural enclave, with various trees and a variety of plants, such as oleanders, eucalyptus, medlars, agaves, pines and prickly pears, pomegranates and lemons, chrysanthemums, mimosas, etc. that create an image that you will never forget. This unexpected beauty comes to highlight the character of the area, which leaves behind the unstructured buildings and creates a hope for tomorrow" (Ref 13).
Description of economic benefits
- More sustainable tourism: "The Municipality of Thessaloniki is creating a green promenade next to the Byzantine walls, making an already beautiful area of ​​the city even more attractive to its residents and visitors" (Ref 8).
Description of social and cultural benefits
- Improved liveability: "Green belts along the Byzantine walls in the old city of Thessaloniki, green roofs on municipal buildings and... forgotten routes that will be enhanced with green, so that they become friendlier for citizens' walks, but also energy lighting on busy streets,...." (Ref 12);
- Improved access to urban green space: "The Municipality of Thessaloniki is creating a green promenade next to the Byzantine walls, making an already beautiful area of ​​the city even more attractive to its residents and visitors" (Ref 8);
- Gain in activities for recreation and exercise: "Visible routes, designated stopping and resting areas and free green spaces are created in the regenerated zone" (Ref 8);
- Protection of historic and cultural landscape / infrastructure: "Therefore, the restoration of the monument was a basic principle of formulating the proposal. The historical memory of the area can only be achieved through the preservation of those original buildings that are still standing" (Ref 2).
Evidence for use of assessment
Presence of an assessment, evaluation and/or monitoring process
Yes
Actors involved in the assessment, monitoring or evaluation of NBS impacts
Presence of indicators used in reporting
Yes
Presence of monitoring/evaluation reports
Yes
Availability of a web-based monitoring tool
No evidence in public records
Name of any specific impact assessment tools
Unknown
Use of GIS in mapping impacts
No evidence in public records
Cost-benefit analysis
Unknown
Justice
Description of locals satisfaction with the project
- Involuntary removal or relocation of individuals or vulnerable or marginalised communities from their homes: Around 10 families normally live in the houses of 'Kastroplikta' in this identified area as 'green belt', which are missing from the official town planning; "The reaction to the destruction of the adjacent refugee buildings was expressed from time to time mostly by residents and scientists, who highlighted, along with the need to protect the Wall, the need to preserve the memory and the refugee identity of the city"; 'Despite the memories, the 48-year-old realizes that such a house cannot provide the comforts he is used to as a resident of an apartment building. "If they compensate me I'll accept it and leave, but if they don't pay me the plot, I'm not giving the house."' (Ref 14).
- Loss of cultural heritage (e.g. culturally significant sites, traditional practices, and indigenous knowledge systems): "Mrs. Symeonides knew all the residents of the street. She describes with nostalgia that time, when the people who lived there had formed a real neighborhood, in which they shared their sorrows and joys. "Life was very nice. We sat outside on the benches, in the chairs and talked. The opposite houses were also low, and we enjoyed the view. The warmth we had then is not there now. Whether it's a celebration or a funeral, people would cook, stay up late" (Ref 14).
Please specify Trade-offs & Negative impacts Selected
- Involuntary removal or relocation of individuals or vulnerable or marginalised communities from their homes: Around 10 families normally live in the houses of 'Kastroplikta' in this identified area as 'green belt', which are missing from the official town planning; "The reaction to the destruction of the adjacent refugee buildings was expressed from time to time mostly by residents and scientists, who highlighted, along with the need to protect the Wall, the need to preserve the memory and the refugee identity of the city"; 'Despite the memories, the 48-year-old realizes that such a house cannot provide the comforts he is used to as a resident of an apartment building. "If they compensate me I'll accept it and leave, but if they don't pay me the plot, I'm not giving the house."' (Ref 14).
- Loss of cultural heritage (e.g. culturally significant sites, traditional practices, and indigenous knowledge systems): "Mrs. Symeonides knew all the residents of the street. She describes with nostalgia that time, when the people who lived there had formed a real neighborhood, in which they shared their sorrows and joys. "Life was very nice. We sat outside on the benches, in the chairs and talked. The opposite houses were also low, and we enjoyed the view. The warmth we had then is not there now. Whether it's a celebration or a funeral, people would cook, stay up late" (Ref 14).
Emphasis of existing social inequalities or injustices
Measures to prevent gentrification or displacement
High-quality & Transformative NBS
Multiple impacts delivery (climate, biodiversity, just community)
Yes
Goal setting and impacts delivery
No, although benefits were delivered in all the 3 key areas, but in the planning phase, the project did not aim to address issues in all the 3 key priority areas.
Reaching original project goals
Please specify the achievements of the project goals
Climate action goals:
-Expected lowered local temperature: "The plantings are proposed to be done with low plants except in some places where it is proposed to plant individual tall trees and only to shade the sitting areas." (Ref 8)
-Expected improved air quality/-Expected reduced noise exposure: "Taking action to improve the urban environment, for the regeneration of cities, revitalization and disinfection of environmentally degraded areas (including areas to be reconstructed -), the reduction of air pollution and the promotion of noise reduction measures" (Ref. 3)
- Increased green space area: "The zone between Akropoleos Street and Palamidou Street, opposite the Vlatadon Monastery, is turning green, with the Byzantine walls standing out and the public space being upgraded" (Ref 8); "The space between the corridors and the platforms is green space and it also follows the general lines, except for a large part of it towards the west. Here the slope of the ground creates a natural slope which is preserved as a green space in a less strict form" (Ref 7);
- Increased number of species present: "Between the apartment buildings and the wall hides an impressive natural enclave, with various trees and a variety of plants, such as oleanders, eucalyptus, medlars, agaves, pines and prickly pears, pomegranates and lemons, chrysanthemums, mimosas, etc. that create an image that you will never forget. This unexpected beauty comes to highlight the character of the area, which leaves behind the unstructured buildings and creates a hope for tomorrow" (Ref 13).
Social Justice and community:
- Improved liveability: "Green belts along the Byzantine walls in the old city of Thessaloniki, green roofs on municipal buildings and... forgotten routes that will be enhanced with green, so that they become friendlier for citizens' walks, but also energy lighting on busy streets,...." (Ref 12);
- Improved access to urban green space: "The Municipality of Thessaloniki is creating a green promenade next to the Byzantine walls, making an already beautiful area of ​​the city even more attractive to its residents and visitors" (Ref 8);
- Gain in activities for recreation and exercise: "Visible routes, designated stopping and resting areas and free green spaces are created in the regenerated zone" (Ref 8);
- Protection of historic and cultural landscape / infrastructure: "Therefore, the restoration of the monument was a basic principle of formulating the proposal. The historical memory of the area can only be achieved through the preservation of those original buildings that are still standing" (Ref 2).
Long-term perspective
Yes
Cost-effective solutions
Unknown
Equitable impacts
Perception of Environmental Change
Unknown
References
1.
Architecture Centre of the Municipality of Thessaloniki (2011). Μελέτη ανάπλασης ζώνης πρασίνου κατά μήκος των Βυζαντινών Τειχών. Architecture Centre of the Municipality of Thessaloniki, Accessed on September 7, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
2.
Municipality of Thessaloniki (2021). «Ανάπλαση ζώνης πρασίνου κατά μήκος των βυζαντινών τειχών (Οδός Επταπυργίου)». Municipality of Thessaloniki, Accessed on September 7, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
3.
Special Service Management of Central Macedonia Program (2020). Ανάπλαση ζώνης πρασίνου κατά μήκος των βυζαντινών τειχών Οδός Επταπυργίου. Special Service Management of Central Macedonia Program, Accessed on September 7, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
4.
Ministry of Economy and Finance (nd). Ανάπλαση ζώνης πρασίνου κατά μήκος των βυζαντινών τειχών (Οδός Επταπυργίου). ANAPTYXI.gov.gr , Accessed on September 7, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
5.
iefimerida (2020). Θεσσαλονίκη: Ανάπλαση της ζώνης πρασίνου κατά μήκος των βυζαντινών τειχών. iefimerida, Accessed on September 7, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
6.
Municipality of Thessaloniki (2020). Thessaloniki 2030 Resilience Strategy. Municipality of Thessaloniki, Accessed on September 7, 2020, [Source link] [Archive];
7.
Architecture Centre of the Municipality of Thessaloniki (2011). Μελέτη ανάπλασης ζώνης πρασίνου κατά μήκος των Βυζαντινών Τειχών. Architecture Centre of the Municipality of Thessaloniki, Accessed on September 7, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
8.
GR Times (2023). Δήμος Θεσσαλονίκης: Δημιουργείται πράσινος περίπατος στα βυζαντινά τείχη. GR Times, Accessed on September 7, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
9.
Municipality of Thessaloniki (2021). Επιλογή αναδόχου κατασκευής του έργου: «Ανάπλαση ζώνης πρασίνου κατά μήκος των Βυζαντινών Τειχών της Θεσσαλονίκης (οδός Επταπυργίου)». Promitheies, Accessed on September 7, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
10.
ΑΠΕ (nd). Ανάπλαση της ζώνης πρασίνου κατά μήκος των βυζαντινών τειχών. ΑΠΕ, Accessed on September 7, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
11.
Municipality of Thessaloniki (2024). Έγκριση χορήγησης πρόσθετης καταβολής (πριμ) λόγω έγκαιρης παράδοσης του έργου: «Ανάπλαση ζώνης πρασίνου κατά μήκος των Βυζαντινών τειχών(οδός Επταπυργίου)»(ΕΣΠΑ-ΤΠ) κατ’ εφαρμογή του άρθρου 154 του Ν.4938/2022 (ΦΕΚ Α’ 109/6-6-2022).. Municipality of Thessaloniki, Accessed on September 7, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
12.
Sovitsli, F. (2020). Θεσσαλονίκη: Πράσινες «οάσεις» στα Βυζαντινά τείχη, σε δημοτικά κτίρια, δώματα και σε διαδρομές αναψυχής. Makedonia, Accessed on September 7, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
13.
Mylothridou, T. (2022). Η «κρυμμένη πόλη» στη Θεσσαλονίκη, που την… προστατεύουν τα βυζαντινά τείχη (ΒΙΝΤΕΟ & ΦΩΤΟ). Thes, Accessed on September 7, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
14.
Kalaitzis, A.; Christou, S. (2023). Οι τελευταίοι «καστρόπληκτοι» της Θεσσαλονίκης. Kathimerini, Accessed on September 7, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
15.
Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT) (2021). Δημογραφικά χαρακτηριστικά / 2021. Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT), Accessed on September 14, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
16.
Salary Expert (n.d.). Average Salary in Thessaloniki, Greece. Salary Expert, Accessed on September 14, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
17.
Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT) (2021). Χαρακτηριστικά κατοικιών - νοικοκυριών / 2021. Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT), Accessed on September 14, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
Comments and notes
Public Images
Image
Byzantine Walls
Byzantine Walls
https://www.kathimerini.gr/society/562742857/oi-teleytaioi-kastropliktoi-tis-thessalonikis/