Improved air quality

This initiative was launched by the local government of La Paz, focusing on afforestation of the Mallasa landfill, which was closed in 2004 (1-4 & 6-10). While some plantations were established in the area when the landfill was closed, the overall plan aimed to manage the waste until the site was sufficiently clean for new projects—a process expected to take at least a decade (6). By 2021, signs of biodiversity, including flora and fauna, had begun to return to the former landfill. In response, the municipality of La Paz implemented a project to plant 6,000 native tree species, along with other shrub species, to further enhance biodiversity regeneration and establish a second urban forest in the city (3 & 4 & 7 & 8).

The afforestation efforts took place between 2021 and 2022, coordinated through "forestry brigades" made up of diverse volunteer groups. These groups included members from public institutions, private company representatives, NGOs (both environmental and non-environmental), universities, religious organizations, and local citizen groups (8-10). A total of 12 hectares were reforested out of the 33-hectare area (1 & 7). Following this, the area was closed to the public and is expected to become a biodiversity sanctuary within ten years, with ongoing monitoring by the municipal environmental agency (7). Among the trees planted, some were chosen to attract birds with their fruit, others to support the pollination of hummingbirds and bees, while others were intended to enrich the soil with nutrients—all species being native to the region (3 & 7).

Additional goals of the initiative include raising awareness about climate change, fostering a sense of environmental stewardship through community engagement, and advancing the municipality's decarbonization plans (3 & 9). Some of the seedlings and saplings were purchased by the municipality at a cost of 6,160 euros, with private companies also contributing financial support to the initiative (1 & 7).

The Metropolitan Linear Park is a project initiated by the national government of Bolivia, funded by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) (1-8). The proposed park will be located along a disused railway corridor between the cities of La Paz and El Alto, spanning 18.2 km (8, p. 8). The project involves the construction of a linear park, divided into five sections, each with distinct objectives, uses, and designs (8, p. 9). This large-scale initiative aims to improve access to public spaces in La Paz and El Alto, enhance connectivity between the two cities, protect surrounding biodiversity and natural spaces, and strengthen resilience to and mitigate the effects of climate change (3 & 8, pp. 11-12).
To achieve these goals, the project design includes outdoor sports and recreational facilities, pedestrian and cycling circuits, as well as the restoration of parks, squares, and public spaces adjacent to the park corridor (8, p. 9). Some features include balcony corridors, flower and food-producing urban gardens, and viewpoints (5). The project also plans for the re-vegetation of the area with native species and aims to stop the environmental degradation of surrounding natural environments, such as the Pura Pura forest, which has been suffering from ongoing deforestation and waste dumping (8, p. 9). These efforts are expected to increase and support biodiversity in the area (7 & 8, p. 12).
Additionally, the project emphasizes social inclusion, with policies designed to incorporate women, indigenous populations, and persons with disabilities (8, pp. 7-8). The park is intended to raise awareness about climate change and biodiversity, ultimately improving the quality of life and health of nearby residents and the citizens of La Paz and El Alto (8, p. 13).

Alexandria is one of the vulnerable cities facing climate change (1). From rising sea levels, pollution, extreme rise and fall in temperature and the urban heat island effect, Alexandria is battling significant challenges (1). The city is also worldly renowned for it beaches and gardens that act as the lungs through which the city breathes, and are considered a haven for its people (1). Unfortunately, in the last ten years, there has been a decrease in parks and green areas, which is a cause for concern (1). This shrinkage comes at the expense of urban expansion and the establishment of Commercial and profitable projects, which is a challenge facing the environmental balance and cultural heritage of the city (1). To address the nature of the challenges and climate changes and their effects in Egypt, the president launched the "The 100 Million Trees Initiative" was brought into action in 2022 as part of the Egypt 2030 Vision (2-3). The campaign is meant to double the per capita share of green spaces across the country, improve air quality and people’s health, and reduce greenhouse gases. It will also aim to recoup economic benefits from the trees, including wood and olive oil (3). As part of this initiative, the governor of Alexandria was tasked with taking care of the green spaces and improving the aesthetic and civilizational level, within the scope of Alexandria's neighborhoods and centers (4). In 2023, the gardens department carried out the planting of 812 trees and shrubs of various types within the scope of Al-Muntazah 2 Neighborhood during Week 25 to continue the work of the presidential initiative to plant 100 million trees in the governorate's neighborhoods (4).

The project La Ruée Verte aims to create a green corridor connecting two emblematic locations for social and environmental justice: La Base Marseille and L’Après M. The route spans over 7 km and passes through La Friche de La Belle de Mai and aims to bring more nature into the city on a larger scale in a fair and equitable way (Ref 2).
Given the challenges of climate change—rising temperatures, urban heat islands, fewer trees in Marseille, and increasing urbanization—the green corridor will offer a solution to combat the suffocating effects of the city’s concrete sprawl (Ref 2). Additionally, it aims to reduce pollution peaks and improve air quality (Ref 2), increase biodiversity (Ref 2), and provide access to green spaces and places for social interaction (Ref 2).
The project also addresses the broader social crisis, with rising costs of food, housing, and transportation (Ref 2). Local solidarity is key, ensuring that all green initiatives foster community interaction and consider the urgent needs of residents, such as precarious living conditions and isolation (Ref 2). Collective participation is central to the project, ensuring that it is designed by and for residents of different neighborhoods, reflecting their realities. The project, called “La Ruée Verte,” aims to unite various citizen groups, social centers, and associations to amplify their voices (Ref 2).
The project's first phase, “La Petite Ruée,” will launch in October 2024, following a year of preparation. It will start with neighbourhood micro-projects and shared advocacy, including events and gatherings (Ref 2). The goal is to collectively think about social and climate justice and begin taking concrete actions towards popular ecology in each neighbourhood (Ref 2).

Minimizing heat stress is a top priority for Phoenix, the hottest major city in the U.S. In 2023, extreme heat contributed to at least 359 deaths across Maricopa County. Phoenix is particularly vulnerable to climate change, with extensive concrete and asphalt, increased pollution, higher population densities, and concentrated infrastructure that exacerbate the urban heat island effect, drought, and extreme weather. Moreover, the heat disproportionately impacts lower-income and Hispanic neighborhoods, which tend to have less tree canopy and fewer resources to cope with rising temperatures.
To address these challenges and promote tree equity in underserved neighborhoods, the City of Phoenix, along with the Office of Heat Response and Mitigation, launched the Community Canopy Grant Program in 2023. The concept of tree equity refers to identifying areas with low tree coverage and high social need, then prioritizing investments in these areas. By improving tree equity, the program aims to assist neighborhood associations and community members in areas that need it most.
The Community Canopy Grant Program targets neighborhoods within Qualifying Census Tracts across Phoenix, and one of the first neighborhoods to benefit was Westwood. In early 2024, community members gathered to plant 200 box trees for residents who received grants, marking the largest City-sponsored neighborhood tree planting event of the season. These tree plantings aim to provide much-needed shade for homes while fostering community engagement, helping to mitigate heat stress and build stronger, more resilient neighborhoods. (1-5)

This mega-project is part of the Agenda for the Commemoration of the Bicentenary of the Independence of Peru (3). It is the new ecological lung of Ventanilla where families have free access to a meeting point where they can carry out sports, recreational, leisure and cultural activities (1, 2, 3). This park is the largest emblematic work carried out in Callao and one of the largest in extension at the national level, built in commemoration of the 200 years of independence (1, 2, 3). It was built on vacant land, where there was no possibility of meeting or recreation for the neighbours (1).
In addition to offering recreational spaces, it is a cultural work that seeks to teach the population about the history of independence, making the public space a commitment to a citizen-centred public policy with an intercultural approach (3). In addition, its financing was part of the second phase of the economic reactivation plan for public investment, encouraging local economic development and generating more than 1,300 direct and indirect jobs (3). This work is an investment of the Executive together with the Regional Government of Callao and the labour force of the municipality of Ventanilla (1, 2). Its facilities are freely accessible and will contribute to the social development and well-being of the citizens (3).
Inaugurated in 2022, it has cultural components, such as squares and amphitheatres, playgrounds, campsites and more than 30,000 m2 of green and blue areas (1).

Masthuggsparken is a planned park in the Masthuggskajen district, which is undergoing development and construction. The park will measure about 2000 m2, and serve as a green oasis and meeting place for locals. It will have ameneties such as benches and areas for play, and a noise barrier against a large nearby road. The park will connect to the adjacent square and street, making it accessible to visit. The street will be renovated to have more trees and plants, increasing green connectivity in the district. The park will be surrounded by trees and other plants, which are planted to promote biodiversity and be adapted to a changing climate [Ref. 1-5, 7]. The park is at a low point, where up to 800 m3 of stormwater will flow during heavy rainfall, reducing flood risk in the surroundings [Ref. 1, 2, 6]. The Masthuggskajen district has a sustainability program, establishing goals for green environments which the park will contribute to. Green areas should be accessible to the entire district and provide ecosystem services such as rainwater management, climate adaptation, biodiversity and recreation. The program was created by the City of Gothenburg in collaboration with construction companies active in the area and was supported by Citylab Action, a national competence program in sustainable urban development [Ref. 7]. The City of Gothenburg is the primary responsible for the park, which will be constructed between 2025 and 2026 [Ref. 1, 2, 4].

The Tirana Vertical Forest is part of the city's 2030 Master Plan and aims to enhance urban biodiversity and create green spaces through innovative urban design (Ref. 1,2). The project was developed by Stefano Boeri Architetti, the same studio that has designed similar, well-known structures in cities like Milan, Utrecht and Nanjing (Ref. 6). The completion of the 21-floor building is expected in late 2024 and will feature 105 apartments and a commercial ground floor as well as 145 trees and over 3,200 shrubs and bushes which are integrated into the balconies and façade of the project (Ref. 1,2,3). Various Mediterranean plants have been incorporated, including colourful, scented and aromatic types, which harmonize with the local ecosystem. To maximise the space available for green features, a dynamic structure with alternating balconies and full-height windows has been built (Ref. 1,2). Ultimately, the project anticipates improving air quality, reducing noise, and providing insulation. The greenery is expected to capture fine particulate matter and up to 8 tones of Co2 per year while also creating a healthier microclimate for those inside the building (Ref. 1,6).

The "Tree Plantation Month" is an annual national initiative in Romania, organized by the Ministry of Environment, Water, and Forests through the National Directorate of Forests. This initiative focuses on afforestation, forest regeneration, and raising awareness about the ecological benefits of forests, while promoting sustainable behaviors (4, 9, 10). Having been in place for 60 years, the program has recently aligned with the principles outlined in the 1991 Paris Declaration on the Sustainable Development of Forests (10). At the national level, the initiative is regulated with overarching goals aimed at protecting and sustainably managing Romania's forests (9). The program allows for the involvement of various actors, including public institutions, municipalities, NGOs, and schools, who collaborate with regional forestry directorates to implement local activities (4).
In 2019, as part of this initiative in Iași, the Asociația Tineretul Ortodox Român Iași (ATOR), a youth-led religious association, actively participated in one of the campaigns . They planted 1,000 tree saplings in the Moara de Vânt district, an area that had suffered from deforestation and was prone to landslides (1, 2). The afforestation efforts were designed to address these environmental challenges by stabilizing the soil, reducing the risk of overflow and flooding, maintaining soil moisture, and regulating extreme temperatures (1). To ensure long-term success, the saplings were regularly monitored, and restoration efforts were carried out in cases where the trees were affected by fires or drought (3).

The Urban Oasis Playgrounds project focuses on creating a guide for green regeneration of playgrounds located all over Iasi by using natural climate solutions, with the potential for wider application beyond the city(1 to 6). The project's primary goal is to tackle pollution in playgrounds and address the overall lack of green spaces for children (1). This initiative is led by the NGO Civica in collaboration with the Municipality of Iași and the Architects Association in Iași (OAR) (1). The project secured €50,000 in funding after winning a competition organized by Raiffeisen Comunități, with support from the NGO "Asociația pentru Relații Comunitare" (2 & 3).
In addition to pollution, the project seeks to address other critical issues, such as the heat island effect and the proximity of playgrounds to risk-prone areas (1). The guide will be developed based on public consultations with Iași residents and a comprehensive study to tackle these concerns (1 to 7).
Currently, the first phase of the project is underway, involving assessments of various factors in playgrounds, including existing vegetation, shading, surface quality, infrastructure conditions, and pollution risks (4). These aspects are also reflected in a questionnaire distributed to the public, which gathers opinions on factors like cleanliness, noise exposure, thermal comfort, safety, and preferred natural green solutions (6).
The initiative aims to raise awareness about climate change, actively engaging the community in the process (4). Once completed, the guide will be presented to the municipality with the goal of being adopted as a standard for future playground developments (1, 3, 4, 6). The first phase of the project will regenerate a playground by planting trees and native vegetation (3).