1. General information
Location and description of the intervention
City or FUA
Athens
Region
Europe
Short description of the intervention
After 2011, in the face of crisis and austerity hardship and the collapse of the central public welfare system, many municipalities assumed the role of enhancing food production through urban allotment gardens. In Ag. Dimitrios (AD), the idea emerged from a couple of newly elected representatives one of whom was part of an agriculture cooperative outside of Athens. A mixture of social and environmental goals were set (to change the microclimate, to change people's habits, to reintroduce contact with nature in the city, to be environment-friendly through good practices, and to create an educational ground for children). [1]
Address

Greece

Total area
10000.00m²
NBS area
10000.00m²
Type of area before implementation of the NBS
Timeline of intervention
Start date of the intervention (planning process)
2011
Start date of intervention (implementation process)
2011
End date of the intervention
2011
Present stage of the intervention
Goals of the intervention
The main goals of the NBS include:
- Secure food for the socially vulnerable;
- support the ‘social grocery’ initiative;
- enhance environmental values in the population, food education, social cohesion, health and well-being;
- change the microclimate;
- reintroduce contact with nature in the city;
- to be environment-friendly through good practices;
- to create an educational ground for children [1].
Quantitative targets
unknown
Monitoring indicators defined
unknown
Climate change mitigation: What were the goals of the NBS?
Climate change mitigation: What activities are implemented to realize the conservation goals and targets?
Implementation activities
In AD the plot was a 2.5 acres plot, next to a graveyard, divided into 45 pieces of 40 square meters each, and assigned to vulnerable families. Every two years the contest opens again and candidates are re-assessed. The criteria for selecting beneficiaries in all cases initially followed socio-economic indicators of vulnerability (i.e. unemployed members in a family, mono-parental family, income level). Later, good gardening practices, community behaviour and potential of knowledge exchange also came to matter in selecting/ousting beneficiaries. Self-organization for decision making among the beneficiaries was not generally observed, but in all cases people would informally meet in smaller groups to discuss about their cultivations, but also as a way of socialising and creating friendships. Every 2 years the competition to apply for a plot within the garden reopens. Priority was given to vulnerable people but plots were also handed out to people who expressed an interest. [1]
Type of NBS project
NBS domain and interventions
Ecological domain(s) where the NBS intervention(s) is/are implemented
Community gardens and allotments
Allotments
Community gardens
Please specify the number of plots or allotment gardens
45 pieces of 40 square meters each plots
Vegetation Type
Amenities offered by the NBS
Services
Expected ecosystem services delivered
Provisioning services
Food for human consumption (crops, vegetables)
Regulating services
Local climate regulation (temperature reduction)
Air quality regulation
Carbon storage/sequestration
Habitats for species
Cultural services
Recreation
Intellectual interactions (scientific and / or educational)
Other
Please specify "other cultural service"
Food education and create an educational ground for children
Scale
Spatial scale
Sub-microscale: Street scale (including buildings)
Beneficiaries
Governance
Non-government actors
Citizens or community groups
Please specify the roles of the specific government and non-government actor groups involved in the initiative
The Municipal Gardens movement has started from distinct municipalities who take the decision to support cultivation of fruit and vegetables by local citizens for their own consumption. Institutionally, their function is governed by rules set by each city council. In AD, at the beginning it was one city council representative in charge of the garden project, the regulation changed to include a committee of representatives from various political parties, for more transparency in the decisions. However, in practice, only one person from the council engages in a daily/weekly basis with the garden’s function. There is no internal governing structure in the gardens, in the form of a formalized assembly or cooperative. [1] But the citizens manage themselves in the day to day operations of the garden.
Key actors - initiating organization
Please specify other Key actors - Other stakeholders involved
Agronomists hired by the EU PA scheme from 2013-2016
Key actors - Other stakeholders involved (besides initiating actors)
EU body
Local government/municipality
Citizens or community group
Other
Please specify other participatory methods
The final decision-making and rules setting always comes from the city councils. In the cases here examined, civil participation boils down to the criteria applied for choosing the beneficiaries, and to the dialogue and exchange that takes place between beneficiaries, volunteers and official representative of the city council, through the day-to-day function of the garden, and which might eventually result in modifications or adjustments of those rules. [1]
Participatory methods/forms of community involvement used
Policy drivers
NBS intervention implemented in response to an Regional Directive/Strategy
Unknown
NBS intervention implemented in response to a national regulations/strategy/plan
Yes
Please specify the national regulations/strategy/plan
In 2013, such urban gardening initiatives were included under a mixed Public-Private Partnership scheme of the Ministry of Labour and Social Solidarity, within the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) 2007–2013. [1]
NBS intervention implemented in response to a local regulation/strategy/plan
Yes
Please specify the "local regulation/strategy/plan"
Municipal allotment gardens, initiated from 2011 onwards in several cities all over Greece, are now the most prevalent type of collective urban allotment gardens in the country. Municipal authorities have undertaken this initiative as social policy projects to alleviate socioeconomic and psychological problems following the economic crisis. The urban garden in Adios Dimitrios was initiated by newly elected representatives following this social policy. [1]
Mandatory or voluntary intervention
Voluntary (spontaneous)
Enablers
Presence of specific city-level GI/NBS vision/strategy/plan - mentioned in connection to the project
Unknown
Presence of specific city-level GI/NBS section/part in a more general plan - mentioned in connection to the project
Yes
Please specify the general plan with GI/NBS section
The urban garden in Adios Dimitrios was initiated by newly elected representatives following the social policy of creating municipal allotment gardens to alleviate socioeconomic and psychological problems due to the economic crisis. Because of the popularity of this policy, in 2013, it was included under a mixed Public-Private Partnership scheme of the Ministry of Labour and Social Solidarity, within the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) 2007–2013. [1]
If there is a relevant strategy or plan, please specify the theme / type of the plan.
Please specify other vegetation type
Vegetable patches
Presence of city network or regional partnerships focused on NBS - mentioned in connection to the project
Unknown
Presence of GI / NBS research project - mentioned in connection to the project
Unknown
Subsidies/investment for GI / NBS in the city - mentioned in connection to the project
Yes
Please specify
The EU PA scheme was able to pay for an agronomist and 2 support staff for the garden from 2013-2016. [1]
Co-finance for NBS
No
Co-financing governance arrangements
No
Was this co-governance arrangement already in place, or was it set up specifically for this NBS?
Financing
What is/was the Cost/Budget (EUR) of the NBS or green infrastructure elements?
Unknown
What are the total amount of expected annual maintenance costs?
Unknown
What is the expected annual maintenance costs of the NBS or GI elements?
Unknown
Please specify cost savings
Unknown
Please specify total cost (EUR)
15,000 euros
Non-financial contribution
Yes
Type of non-financial contribution
Who provided the non-financial contribution?
Business models
Which of the involved actors was motivated by this model?
Please specify social innovation
Urban gardening is an innovation in its own right for Athenians. The fact that municipalities engaged in a process of networking and providing the means for people to be able to have access to cultivable plots is also a step forward. In each of the studied gardens, innovation appeared in different ways and directions. The beneficiaries are free to cultivate the types of plants they want, select the seeds and use techniques that they consider more apt, innovation is more likely to occur from the users but in smaller scales. Most of the innovative practices were introduced by people who were selected not by strict vulnerability criteria but for whom the willingness and excitement to practice gardening was evaluated on top of their low income. [1]
Novelty level of the innovation
Please specify novelty level of the innovation
For Agios Dimitrios, the idea emerged from a couple of newly elected representatives one of which was part of a rural agriculture cooperative outside of Athens. In this regard, the rural cooperative had an inspirational role in creating this urban garden. However it was mentioned that exchanges with other municipalities occurred and Agios Dimitrios were dubbed as one of the pioneering cities concerning urban gardening policies. However, these exchanges were singular and not continuous. [1]
Replicability/Transferability
Please specify Replicability/Transferability
Agios Dimitrios, one of the few urban gardens that still operate nation wide, was said to be a pioneering city when it came to urban gardening policies which implies that other cities have followed their example but no explicit examples of specific cities have been mentioned to have been particularly inspired by Agios Dimitrios.
Impacts, benefits
Description of environmental benefits
The project included the creation of 45 vegetable patches for food production, which helped in cooling the area as well as provide habitat for many species.
Description of economic benefits
The vegetable patches produce food for the marginalized communities.
Description of social and cultural benefits
In addition to produce food, the community garden provides a space for social interaction and education for the children on sustainable agricultural practices.
Type of reported impacts
Indicators
Environmental impacts of the gardens consisted of tangible and non-tangible effects, such as learning about and practicing organic agriculture (eliminating the use of chemicals, composting), enhancing physical and mental contact with nature and natural processes. Culturally and socially, benefits also abound. People said they felt more peaceful and perceived the surrounding as more pleasant than in the built parts of the city, due to the presence of plants. Some claim that a family saves 150 euros a month by not having to buy vegetables from the grocery store. Another social impact is the contribution of organic vegetables to the city’s social grocery, which is donated to families in need. More importantly, research confirms earlier findings about urban gardens in Greece, according to which gardeners “develop a sense of belonging, give multiple meaning to the garden, experience multiple emotions and relive rural memories based on the everyday experiences of growing. [1]
Analysis of specific impact categories
Job creation: The NBS created ...
Environmental justice: The implementation of the NBS project resulted in ...
Negative impacts: Did the project cause any problems or concerns?
No information was found regarding negative impacts of the project
COVID-19 pandemic
Unknown as of July of 2020.
Methods of impact monitoring
Process of recording NBS impacts
Methods used to evaluate the impacts of NBS
Evidence for use of assessment
Presence of an assessment, evaluation and/or monitoring process
Unknown
Presence of indicators used in reporting
No evidence in public records
Presence of monitoring/evaluation reports
No evidence in public records
Availability of a web-based monitoring tool
No evidence in public records
Impact assessment mechanism
Name of any specific impact assessment tools
unknown
Use of GIS in mapping impacts
No evidence in public records
Citizen involvement
Citizens involvement in assessment/evaluation
Yes
Mode(s) of citizen involvement in evaluation/assessment
Please specify other modes of citizen involvement in evaluation/assessment
Civil participation boils down to the criteria applied for choosing the beneficiaries, and to the dialogue and exchange that takes place between beneficiaries, volunteers and official representative of the city council, through the day-to-day function of the garden, and which might eventually result in modifications or adjustments of those rules. [1]
Citizens involvement in the analysis of the assessment/evaluation
Unknown
Follow-up to the evaluation / assessment
Unknown
References
List of references
[1] Kotsila, P. (2018). NATURVATION Case Study Working Paper ATHENS. Section 4 – Intervention 2 – Municipal urban gardens. pp 17-25.
[2] Agios Dimitrios Community Garden Facebook Page. Available at: https://de-de.facebook.com/pages/Agios-Dimitrios-Community-Gardens/129924820920221. Accessed on 9th July, 2020.
Comments and notes