1. General information
Location and description of the intervention
City or FUA
Leeds
Region
Europe
Native title of the NBS intervention
Leeds parks and green spaces strategy
Short description of the intervention
The Leeds Parks and Green Space Strategy is a park protection, improvement, and creation program in Leeds under their Cultural Strategy. Main priorities are set out to achieve a vision where good quality and accessible parks and green spaces are at the heart of the community and meet the needs of everyone who lives, works, visits or invests in Leeds, now and for the future (Ref 5). The Parks and Green Space Strategy looks at the contribution made to priorities nationally and locally, and how it fits within the Leeds Cultural Strategy to develop parks and green spaces (Ref 3). Consultation is being undertaken to develop a vision for the future of Leeds City Council owned and managed public parks and green spaces beyond 2020, and a strategy for how to deliver that vision over the next 10 years. The new strategy will replace the previous strategy which runs to 2020 (Ref 9).
Address

Parks and Green Space Strategy, Parks and Countryside, Hall Lane
Leeds
United Kingdom

Total area
40000000.00m²
NBS area
40000000.00m²
Type of area before implementation of the NBS
Please specify “other type of area” before implementation of the NBS
mixed Central Business District, Public Greenspace, and former private estates (1)
Timeline of intervention
Start date of the intervention (planning process)
2003
Start date of intervention (implementation process)
2006
End date of the intervention
2024
Present stage of the intervention
Goals of the intervention
The goals of the project include:
-to engage the community in promoting parks and green spaces as accessible places for everyone to experience and enjoy;
-provide good quality parks and green spaces that are well managed and provide a range of attractive facilities;
-promote parks and green spaces as places to improve health and well-being and prevent disease through physical activity, play;
-promote liveability and the economic benefits of quality parks and green space provision as an integral part of major regeneration projects;
-and engage partners in supporting and delivering the Parks and Green Space Strategy." (Ref 1)
Quantitative targets
The quantitative targets of the project are:
- 100% of community parks to reach the Green Flag standard by 2020 (Ref 2)
- number of million plants that the city Atrium produces each year (Ref 9)
- km of public rights of way (Ref 9)
- usage of the parks based on gender, ethnic group, disability and age (Ref 9)
- Number of people on average who had visited a park in the last year (Ref 9)
- visits to, and healthy activities at, parks and green spaces in Leeds (Ref 9)
- % of park users described spending time in parks as either essential, very important or fairly important to their quality of life (Ref 9)
- % of Leeds residents having visited a park in the preceding year (Ref 9)
- % of Leeds residents having visited a park at least once a week in the summer months (Ref 9)
- no. of adult visits per year to Leeds parks (Ref 9)
- income in £ during the first year of operating (Ref 9)
Monitoring indicators defined
% of Parks and Countryside sites assessed that meet the Green Flag Standard (Ref 2)
Climate change adaptation: What were the goals of the NBS?
Climate change adaptation: What activities are implemented to realize the conservation goals and targets?
Climate change mitigation: What were the goals of the NBS?
Habitats and biodiversity conservation: What types of conservation goals are / were defined for the NBS intervention?
What types of restoration goals are / were defined for the NBS intervention?
Implementation activities
Protecting and upgrading existing parks and establishing new ones around the concept of engaging the community in and through these parks (Ref 1) So the urban parks renaissance not only aims to reverse the results of long-term vandalism but prevent any further problems with increased security by adding special lighting, park wardens and CCTV – in troublespots. Cash will be spent on everything from landscaping, seating, fencing and signposting to new leisure facilities to attract people of all ages to parks. Cash will also be spent resurfacing footpaths and car parks, revamping playgrounds and creating vibrant new borders.(Ref 2)
NBS domain and interventions
Ecological domain(s) where the NBS intervention(s) is/are implemented
Grey infrastructure featuring greens
Green playgrounds and school grounds
Institutional green space
Parks and urban forests
Large urban parks or forests
Pocket parks/neighbourhood green spaces
Green corridors and green belts
Community gardens and allotments
Allotments
Atriums/Courtyards
Please specify the number of plots or allotment gardens
101 (Ref 9)
Please specify how many trees were planted
156 nature conservation sites (including woodlands) (Ref2)
Services
Expected ecosystem services delivered
Provisioning services
Genetic materials from all biota
Regulating services
Air quality regulation
Carbon storage/sequestration
Mediation of smell / noise / visual impacts
Habitat and supporting services
Habitats for species
Maintenance of genetic diversity
Cultural services
Aesthetic appreciation
Recreation
Mental and physical health and wellbeing
Physical and experiential interactions with plants and animals
Scale
Spatial scale
Meso-scale: Regional, metropolitan and urban level
Beneficiaries
Governance
Governance arrangements
Please specify the roles of the specific government and non-government actor groups involved in the initiative
The UK National Planning Policy Framework stipulates in Paragraphs 69 to 78 of Chapter 8 the importance of promoting healthy communities. (Ref 8) Under this, the Leeds City Council (LCC) and the Leeds public have planned this project to bring parks to the city with the local government LCC with the task of implementing and monitoring the success of the plan and its tangible benefits to the community through the Green Flag Standard management scheme. (Ref 2, 3)
Key actors - initiating organization
Key actors - Other stakeholders involved (besides initiating actors)
National government
Local government/municipality
Private foundation/trust
Researchers/university
Citizens or community group
Social enterprise
Please specify other land owner
private estates were donated to the project (Ref 3)
Policy drivers
NBS intervention implemented in response to an Regional Directive/Strategy
Unknown
NBS intervention implemented in response to a national regulations/strategy/plan
Yes
Please specify the national regulations/strategy/plan
NPPF Documentation, chapter 8 paragraphs 69 to 78 stipulates the need for cities to provide and promote healthy communities (Ref 8)
NBS intervention implemented in response to a local regulation/strategy/plan
Yes
Please specify the "local regulation/strategy/plan"
implemented under Leeds Cultural Strategy (Ref 2)
Mandatory or voluntary intervention
Unknown
Enablers
Presence of specific city-level GI/NBS vision/strategy/plan - mentioned in connection to the project
Yes
Please specify
The Parks and Green Space Strategy is this city-level strategy (Ref 3)
Presence of specific city-level GI/NBS section/part in a more general plan - mentioned in connection to the project
Yes
Please specify the general plan with GI/NBS section
Leeds Cultural Strategy (Ref 2)
If there is a relevant strategy or plan, please specify the theme / type of the plan.
Presence of city network or regional partnerships focused on NBS - mentioned in connection to the project
Unknown
Presence of GI / NBS research project - mentioned in connection to the project
Yes
Please specify
Following the final report of the Urban Green Spaces taskforce, ‘Green Spaces, Better Places’ and the government response in 2002, ‘Living Places, Cleaner, Safer, Greener,’ CABE (Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment) Space was established. The CABE Space was mainly focused on gathering information about parks and green spaces so as to further promote and provide justification for their proliferation in the future. (Ref 3) The Parks Renaissance is somewhat copied or derived from these efforts at the national level. (Ref 3) Leeds University also did a research assessment of the results of the Leeds greenspace plan and its parks in 2016 (Ref 9).
Subsidies/investment for GI / NBS in the city - mentioned in connection to the project
Yes
Please specify
The Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) is an organisation with the goal to improve the UK’s parks. They have committed £250 million through its Urban Parks Programme which invests in parks and tries to create funding for such endeavors. Leeds, in particular, has especially benefited from £8.2 million HLF money that was invested into Roundhay Park and £5.5 million into the restoration of Kirkstall Abbey and the Estate. There are planned bids for Beckett’s Street Cemetery and Middleton Park already secured. (Ref 3)
Co-finance for NBS
Unknown
Co-financing governance arrangements
Unknown
Was this co-governance arrangement already in place, or was it set up specifically for this NBS?
Financing
What is/was the Cost/Budget (EUR) of the NBS or green infrastructure elements?
equivalent to 4,214,842 EUR
What are the total amount of expected annual maintenance costs?
Unknown
What is the expected annual maintenance costs of the NBS or GI elements?
Unknown
Please specify cost savings
Unknown
Please specify total cost (EUR)
3,700,000 British pounds in 2006 (equivalent to 4,214,842 EUR based on current exchange rates) (Ref 6)
Source(s) of funding
Please specify other source of funding
The Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) is a public body accountable to the Parliament--an organisation with the goal to improve the UK’s parks. They have committed £250 million through its Urban Parks Programme which invests in parks and tries to create funding for such endeavors. Leeds, in particular, has especially benefited from £8.2 million HLF money that was invested into Roundhay Park and £5.5 million into the restoration of Kirkstall Abbey and the Estate. There are planned bids for Beckett’s Street Cemetery and Middleton Park already secured. (Ref 3)
Non-financial contribution
Unknown
Which of the involved actors was motivated by this model?
Please specify technological innovation
infrastructure is being specifically upgraded to accommodate more users for a wider variety of uses (Ref 9)
Please specify social innovation
Protecting and upgrading existing parks and establishing new ones around the concept of engaging the community in and through these parks (Ref 2, 3, 6) We have adapted by adopting a ‘civic enterprise’ approach - where the council becomes more enterprising; businesses and partners become more civic-minded; and the public becomes more engaged. In Parks and Countryside this has been achieved through a range of means including enterprise, partnerships and external funding. For example, when we moved our plant nursery from Red Hall to The Arium, rather than just replacing like with like, we adopted an enterprising approach - developing a visitor-friendly shop for selling surplus plants, and café at the new site. The outcome was a massive increase in visitors to the nursery, and the generation of an additional £1 million income in the first year of operating alone. Leeds City Council recognises the value and popularity of public green space, and is committed to continuing to provide core funding, but given the ongoing funding challenges for local government, it is proposed that we continue to explore and develop an innovative, collaborative, varied and enterprising approach to managing the Parks and Countryside service, to facilitate delivery of the aim of getting all community parks up to the LQP standard (Ref 9).
Please specify system innovation
Green space being expanded or upgraded throughout the entirety of the city (Ref 9)
Please specify novelty level of the innovation
"Also by showing a commitment to our parks and green spaces we hope that will act as leverage to gain further funding from other sources like the lottery which, as we've seen with the work at Roundhay Park, can create something truly special." (Ref 6)
Replicability/Transferability
Please specify Replicability/Transferability
Unknown
Impacts, benefits
Description of environmental benefits
Expected impacts based on the following information about planned activities:
The Leeds Parks and Green Space Strategy is a park protection, improvement, and creation program in Leeds under their Cultural Strategy. Main priorities are set out to achieve a vision where good quality and accessible parks and green spaces (Ref 5)
Description of economic benefits
It is important that the Parks and Countryside service has a workforce with the skills required to look after parks and green spaces of Leeds into the future, through offering apprenticeships, succession planning and upskilling the current workforce (e.g. training staff in managing parks for climate change). (Ref 9)
Please specify other environmental justice issue
University of Leeds research assessment of the strategy in 2016 concluded that people with disabilities and people aged over 75 are less likely to visit a park than those without disabilities or under 75 (77% of people from these groups compared with 91% of people on average had visited a park in the last year) (Ref 9).
Description of social and cultural benefits
- Top two reasons people visit parks in Leeds are related to the environment – to ‘get some fresh air’ and to ‘enjoy nature’ (Ref 9).
-"We feel that parks provide an escape, they're good for health, general well-being and tourism and they can provide much-needed facilities for young people. They're a jewel in our city's crown." The program will see 23 projects completed around the city up to 2007. (Ref 6)
- Parks are very popular, with 91% of Leeds residents having visited a park in the preceding year and 50% visiting a park at least once a week in the summer months. It is estimated that Leeds parks host around 45 million adult visits a year. 88% of park users described spending time in parks as either essential, very important or fairly important to their quality of life. Satisfaction with Leeds parks is high, with 77% of park users in Leeds reporting very pleasant experiences and 90% satisfied or very satisfied overall with their main park. High usage of parks in Leeds is reported across the board when survey respondents are compared for gender, ethnic group, disability and age. However, people with disabilities and people aged over 75 are less likely to visit a park than those without disabilities or under 75 (77% of people from these groups compared with 91% of people on average had visited a park in the last year) (Ref 9).
Type of reported impacts
Indicators
The % of Parks and Countryside sites assessed that meet the Green Flag Standard:
Year Target Result
2004/05 10% 10.8%
2005/06 12% 13.0%
2006/07 14% 15.6%
2007/08 17% 17.0%
2008/09 19%
2009/10 21%
2010/11 23%
(Ref 3)
Analysis of specific impact categories
Job creation: The NBS created ...
Environmental justice: The implementation of the NBS project resulted in ...
Please specify other method used to evaluate the impacts of NBS
University of Leeds formal research assessment in 2016 (Ref 9)
Negative impacts: Did the project cause any problems or concerns?
No information was found regarding negative impacts of the project
COVID-19 pandemic
No information was found regarding the change of use of the parks and estates nor impacts regarding the perception of these places during the pandemic. (8 October 2020)
Leeds parks and estates remain open but all of the following are closed: toilet facilities, playgrounds, skateparks, outdoor gym equipment , indoor venues (Ref 9)
Methods of impact monitoring
Methods used to evaluate the impacts of NBS
Evidence for use of assessment
Presence of an assessment, evaluation and/or monitoring process
Yes
Presence of indicators used in reporting
Yes
Presence of monitoring/evaluation reports
No evidence in public records
Availability of a web-based monitoring tool
No evidence in public records
Impact assessment mechanism
Name of any specific impact assessment tools
The Green Flag Award Scheme represents the national standard for parks and green spaces across England and Wales, and in 2004 the Parks and Countryside Service devised a programme to assess 146 of its sites on a rolling 3 year programme against these standards. This involved a commitment to train over 50 Green Flag judges from within the Service to conduct judging for the award scheme at other Local Authority sites and to use this knowledge and experience to conduct assessments in Leeds’ parks. (Ref 3) The Leeds Quality Park (LQP) standard is proposed as a way to understand park successes going forward. LQP is based on an international measure of a good quality park called ‘Green Flag’ and includes fulfilling criteria like ‘welcoming’, ‘clean and well maintained’ and ‘healthy, safe and secure’. The result of having this target in the last strategy has been an increase in the quality of our parks from a 22% pass rate in 2010 to 70% passing in 2018, despite huge budget cuts from central government along the way (Ref 9).
Use of GIS in mapping impacts
No evidence in public records
Citizen involvement
Citizens involvement in assessment/evaluation
Unknown
Mode(s) of citizen involvement in evaluation/assessment
Citizens involvement in the analysis of the assessment/evaluation
Yes
Please specify
In the planning stage for the plan and following the survery and outreach activities with the community, issues that arose from the focus groups and surverys were briefly addressed before the plan was implemented in the following reference: (Ref 3)
Follow-up to the evaluation / assessment
Unknown
References
List of references
(1) Leeds City Council. (2011). Open Space, Sport and Recreation Development: Leeds Local Development Framework, Chapter 4 Parks and Gardens. 365 pp. Available at: https://www.leeds.gov.uk/docs/Leeds%20Open%20Space%20Sport%20and%20Recreation%20Assessment%20July%202011.pdf (Accessed 8 October 2020)
(2) [Leeds City Council]. (2008). Parks and Green Space Strategy: Draft Executive Summary. 5 pp. Available at: http://democracy.leeds.gov.uk/documents/s21791/Scrutiny%20P%20G%20Executive%20Summary%20-%20Sept%2008.pdf (Accessed 8 October 2020).
(3) Leeds City Council. (n.d.) A Parks and Green Space Strategy for Leeds. Available at: http://www.leeds.gov.uk/docs/Small%20PGS%20strategy%5B2%5D.pdf (Website not available in 2020, please see reference 9 for updated information)
(4) Leeds City Council. (2009). Report of the Director of City Development. 10 pp. Available at: http://democracy.leeds.gov.uk/documents/s25796/Parks%20Green%20Space%20Strategy%20Report%20Appendix%20120109.pdf (Accessed 8 October 2020).
(5) West Leeds Country Park and Green Gateways Management Plan. (n.d.) Strategic Context - Stakeholders, Strategies, Policies and Plans. Website. Available at: http://west-leeds-country-park-and-green-gateways.webplus.net/mp_strategic_context_policies.html (Website not available in 2020, please see Reference 10 for updated information).
(6) McPhee, R. (2006). "Parks are on the up". Yorkshire Evening Post. Available at: http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/parks-are-on-the-up-1-2147774. (Website not available in 2020)
(7) UK Government. (2012). National Planning Policy Framework. Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/national-planning-policy-framework/8-promoting-healthy-communities (Accessed 8 October 2020).
(8) UK Government. (2019). UK NPPF Chapter 8 Promoting healthy and safe communities: Paragraphs 91 to 101. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/national-planning-policy-framework/8-promoting-healthy-communities (Accessed 8 October 2020).

2020 Revision Updated References:

(9) Leeds City Council Website. (2020). Towards a Leeds parks and green spaces strategy 2020-2030 consultation. Available at: https://www.leeds.gov.uk/your-council/consultations-and-feedback/parks-and-countryside-consultations/leeds-parks-and-green-spaces-strategy (Accessed 8 October 2020).
(10) Leeds City Council Website. (2020). Country Parks and Green Gateways. Available at: https://www.leeds.gov.uk/leisure/parks-and-countryside/country-parks-and-green-gateways (Accessed 8 October 2020).
Comments and notes
Comments
the 23 parks as a part of this parks renaissance are:

Alwoodley Park
Armley Park
Barley Hill Park
Beckett Street Cemetery
East End Park
Farsley Recreation Ground
Glebelands
Grove Road
Horsforth Hall Park
Manston Park
Meanwood Park
Micklefield Park
Pudsey Park
Scatcherd Park
Springhead Park
Harland Way
Victoria Park
Western Flatts Park
Westroyd Park
Wetherby Wilderness car park
Wharfemeadows Park, Otley
Woodhouse Moor
Woodhouse Square
(Ref 2)

The 4000 hectares of public parks and green space includes:

7 major parks (e.g. Roundhay, Golden Acre and Temple Newsam) – all Green Flag award winners
63 community parks (e.g. Cross Flatts Park, Horsforth Hall Park)
95 recreation grounds
101 allotment sites
819 km of public rights of way
156 nature conservation sites (including woodlands)
24 cemeteries and 3 crematoria

The facilities provided on parks and countryside sites include:
174 playgrounds
500 sports facilities including bowling greens, golf courses, tennis courts, football and cricket pitches
29 outdoor gyms
3 zoos (at Tropical World, Lotherton Hall and Pudsey Park)
a rare-breeds visitor farm
5 cafés
24 skate parks
5 shops
specialist gardens and plant collections (e.g. at Golden Acre and Temple Newsam)
Leads City Countil also runs The Arium, a nursery which produces over 3 million plants for the city each year (Ref 9).

The department has won several awards in recent years, including being the winner in the city centre category of Yorkshire in Bloom 2019 (Ref 9).
Additional insights
section 4
governance: A considerable amount of consultation has been undertaken in developing this strategy, including a resident survey sent to over 100, 000 people, focus group sessions, and sending documents to around 600 key stakeholders, including all members. This in addition to presentations, workshops and other events with a range of partners and interested groups. (Ref 4)
enablers: other cities such as Manchester, Bristol, Dudley and others have similar programs but it is unclear or not as to whether there is regional colloboration or whether all are responses to the NPPF at the country level

section 6/assessment: . "The Green Flag award is assessed in two key ways, firstly by reviewing a site management plan, and secondly a field assessment based primarily on observation during a site visit. Each category is given a score out of 10, with 47 a maximum of 30 points for the desk assessment and 70 points for the field assessment. To achieve the standard a minimum of 15 on the desk assessment and 42 on the field assessment is needed, however, an award can only be given if the overall score is greater than 65" (Ref 1).
Public Images
Image
Meanwood Park as part of Leeds parks and green spaces strategy
https://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g186411-d211837-i243434174-Meanwood_Valley_Trail-Leeds_West_Yorkshire_England.html
Image
Springhead Park as part of Leeds Parks and Green Spaces Strategy
https://mapio.net/pic/p-53521171/