1. General information
Location and description of the intervention
City or FUA
Berlin (FUA)
Region
Europe
Native title of the NBS intervention
Park am Gleisdreieck
Short description of the intervention
The Park am Gleisdreieck is a public urban park in the city centre of Berlin, spanning more than 30 hectares across three individual sites (Ostpark, Westpark, Flaschenhalspark) on former railway tracks. The landscape of the Park am Gleisdreieck is characterised by the central, extensive lawn and meadow areas, which are bordered by woodland-like areas - the so-called track wilderness - as well as various park trees and crossed by wide paths or old railway tracks. The park space features various recreational activities for sports and play as well as community gardens for intercultural exchange (Ref. 12). Being abandoned after WW II, the land rewilded and after being partially opened to the public in 2011, the primary aim of the maintenance and development measures was to harmonise the interests of nature conservation and recreational use. (Ref. 1; Ref. 3)
Many of the plant species in the Park am Gleisdreieck once travelled a long way by train. This is what makes the biodiversity in the park so special. It is a wild mixture of long-established Berlin plants and exotic species that specialise in dry, nutrient-poor soils. The park is part of Berlin's open space network, which extends from Tiergarten to Schöneberger Südgelände. It therefore makes a significant contribution to connecting habitats. (Ref. 1)
Initiatives of citizens have been working for years for the realisation of a park on the former railroad site at Gleisdreick, and so the residents have been involved in the park planning and design in an intensive dialogue process from the beginning and are still involved in the park management. (Ref. 2) The opening of the park served as a compensation measure for the construction of the urban development projects at Potsdamer Platz and aimed at increasing accessible green space in a densely and rapidly built urban environment. (Ref. 4)

Implementation area characterization
Address

Möckernstraße 26
10963 Berlin
Germany

Area boundary (map-based)
NBS area image
Source of NBS area image
https://www.parkamgleisdreieck.de/en/service-info/information-for-visitors/
(NBS website)
Total area
315000.00m²
NBS area
315000.00m²
Area description
Type of area before implementation of the NBS
Timeline of intervention
Start date of the intervention (planning process)
2005
Start date of intervention (implementation process)
2011
End date of the intervention
2014
Present stage of the intervention
Objectives of the intervention
Goals of the intervention
To increase accessibility of existing urban green space to the public (Ref. 4).
To improve and maintain existing biodiversity on the project's grounds (Ref. 3).
To foster connectivity between different green spaces in Berlin (Ref. 1).
To harmonize the interests of nature conservation and recreational use in the Park am Gleisdreieck (Ref. 3).
To provide space for recreation, physical exercise, and experiences with nature (Ref. 1; Ref. 4).
To preserve existing industrial and historic railway elements, such as train tracks, in the park (Ref. 4; Ref. 3).
To create inclusive and community-driven management of the park (Ref. 4; Ref. 5).
Habitats and biodiversity conservation: What types of conservation goals are / were defined for the NBS intervention?
Implementation activities and NBS focus
Implementation activities
The implementation of the park dates back to the 1970s, when community initiatives were founded to prevent the construction of a city highway through the park's location, which led to the development of plans for opening up the derelict area to the public. In the late 1990s, the Potsdamer Platz was built, and the real estate developer had to pay compensation that financed the park. At the end of the 1990s, the decision was made to develop the site into a park landscape. In 2005, citizen surveys and focus groups were conducted to integrate resident's interests into the project design. From 2005-2006, a public design competition was held that integrated various public participation measures. The construction of the first park section started in 2008 and the last section was finished in 2013. The implementation was accompanied by task forces and planning groups from 2007-2013. (Ref. 4)
The former railway wasteland offered a unique opportunity to promote spontaneously grown, species-rich urban nature and make it accessible to people in the growing city while connecting already existing green spaces and neighbourhoods. Young forests had grown on the former railway tracks, and native and exotic plant species. Plants typical of railway wastelands were sown in it right at the start. (Ref. 1) Trees were planted, playgrounds and bike paths were installed. The park is being managed by a multi-stakeholder board, including community representatives. (Ref. 2)
NBS domain and interventions
Ecological domain(s) where the NBS intervention(s) is/are implemented
Parks and urban forests
Large urban parks or forests
Design elements for well-being
Services
Expected ecosystem services delivered
Habitat and supporting services
Habitats for species
Cultural services
Recreation
Mental and physical health and wellbeing
Social and community interactions
Scale
Spatial scale
Micro-scale: District/neighbourhood level
Beneficiaries
Demographics in implementation area
The park is located in two different districts, Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg and Tempelhof-Schöneberg.
Around 355.000 people live in Tempelhof-Schöneberg with 41% (approx. 147.400 people) of the citizens having a diverse ethnic background. The average age is 44 years old. (Ref. 9; Ref. 11)
In 2023, 293.454 people live in Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg and the average age is 39,1 years old (Ref. 10). 53.116 people had a German citizenship and a diverse ethnic background and 89.525. people were classified as foreigners (Ref. 11)
Socio-economic profile of the area
Communities vulnerable to environmental hazards or climate change impacts
Unknown
Non-government actors
Citizens or community groups
Primary Beneficiaries
Specify primary beneficiaries
As the area was closed to the public before, the project increased accessible green space for citizens who are the primary beneficiary. (Ref. 4)
Marginalized groups
Governance
Please specify the roles of the specific government and non-government actor groups involved in the initiative
The land was turned into a park based on citizens' initiatives. They were furthermore involved in participatory steps (Planning forums, workshop discussions, site inspections, information events, site walks) on the development of the area (Ref. 4).
The state of Berlin bought the area from the railway company Deutsche Bahn and financed the park development with various real estate companies.
The Senate Department for Urban Development and the Environment, represented by Grün Berlin, was responsible for the realisation of planning, project management, budget, time frame, laws and guidelines. (Ref. 4) The planning design was realised by a landscape architecture office, which cooperated on the construction management together with an engineering company. (Ref. 5)
The park is managed by an advisory board that consists of representatives of residents, stakeholders (allotment POG, Rosenduftgarten, representatives of the adjacent neighbourhood), state administration and Grün Berlin. (Ref. 2)
Key actors - initiating organization
Key actors - Other stakeholders involved (besides initiating actors)
District/neighbourhood association
Private sector/corporate actor/company
Level of citizen and community engagement
Policy drivers
NBS intervention implemented in response to a Regional Directive/Strategy
Unknown
NBS intervention implemented in response to a national regulations/strategy/plan
Yes
Please specify the national regulations/strategy/plan
The "Ordinance on the prevention and compensation of interventions in nature and landscape in the area of responsibility of the Federal Administration" (Federal Compensation Ordinance) (Ref. 7), requires the German state to avoid interference with nature or landscapes and to compensate it if, due to public infrastructure projects (e.g. power lines, offshore wind parks, buildings), nature and landscapes get destroyed. The ordinance serves to standardise the application of the impact regulation (following the Federal Nature Conservation Act) for federal projects, while at the same time maintaining high nature conservation standards. Implementing the Park am Gleisdreieck was financially supported by compensation for destroyed green space in a large-scale development project at Potsdamer Platz in the 1990s. Several companies had to pay compensation for constructing buildings, and a real estate focussed subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn (private railway company) gave the park space to the state of Berlin instead of paying money. (Ref. 4) Potsdamer Platz is located approximately 1km from the Park am Gleisdreieck and was a derelict area, crossed by the inner-city wall between East and West Germany before the reunification of Germany in 1990 (Ref. 6).
If there is a relevant strategy or plan, please specify the theme/type of the plan
NBS intervention implemented in response to a local regulation/strategy/plan
Unknown
Mandatory or voluntary intervention
Mandatory (based on policy)
Intervention is mandatory
Please specify other type of mandatory intervention
The ordinance is part of the Federal Nature Conservation Act (Ref. 14).
Enablers & Barriers
Please provide details (e.g, name of the plan or strategy) for the selected policies or initiatives.
The Senate Department for Urban Development and the Environment, represented by Grün Berlin, was responsible for the realisation of planning, project management, budget, time frame, laws and guidelines. (Ref. 4) The planning design was realised by a landscape architecture office, which cooperated on the construction management together with an engineering company. (Ref. 5)
Barriers
Unknown
Financing
Please specify total cost (EUR)
approx. 19.942.000€ (Ref. 5)
approx. 18.442.000€ for the park and 15 Mio. € for bike path
What is/was the Cost/Budget (EUR) of the NBS or green infrastructure elements?
18.442.000€
Please specify other source of funding
Corporate financing as compensation measure for real estate development at Potsdamer Platz (Ref. 4; Ref. 5)
Non-financial contribution
Yes
Type of non-financial contribution
Co-finance for NBS
Yes
Co-governance arrangement
Entrepreneurship opportunities
Unknown
Business models
Business models
Which of the involved actors was motivated by this model?
Impacts, benefits
Description of environmental benefits
--Increased ecological connectivity across regeneration sites and scales: "The park is part of Berlin's open space network, which extends from Tiergarten to Schöneberger Südgelände. It therefore makes a significant contribution to connecting habitats." (Ref. 1)
--Achieved increased conversion of degraded land or soil: "In its time as a wild wasteland, a unique ecological diversity has grown up at Gleisdreieck, which is also maintained and established in parts of today's park. " (Ref. 3)
--Achieved increased number of species present: "A total of over 950 trees and shrubs planted | 330 trees in the area
species already present, such as poplar, robinia, oak, Turkey oak,
hackberry, wild apple, pine, birch and rowan | 620 shrubs: typical
species of the railway wasteland such as lilac, buddleia, hawthorn, wild rose,
sowing lawn and dry grassland, sage flower meadow, shade, bee and butterfly borders, mixture for natural gravel areas" (Ref. 4)
Environmental impact indicators
Total number of vascular plant species protected or introduced
Over 950 trees and shrubs planted in total (Ref. 4)
Economic impacts
Description of economic benefits
Unknown
Social and cultural impact indicators
Number of participants in outdoor activities or exercise programs in green spaces
approx. 165.250 visitors per week (Ref. 14)
Description of social and cultural benefits
Improve access to urban green space: "Today, the park allows many people to exercise and relax, but above all to experience urban nature and biodiversity day after day." (Ref. 1); "However, it is also important because there is a large deficit of green spaces in the neighbouring district of Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg and in Schöneberg. The park is a huge gain in quality of life for the people living in these districts." (Ref. 4)

Increased involvement of locals in the management of green spaces: "However, this participation process was certainly a great benefit for the park. And the insights gained will help to successfully organise further public participation processes." (Ref. 4)

Gain in activities for recreation and exercise: "In the nature discovery area, children aged between 6 and 12 can also learn about animals and plants, play hide and seek or, in summer, splash around in the pools filled with water. And of course there are also playgrounds on the grounds waiting to be conquered by children of all ages." (Ref. 12)

Protection of historic and cultural landscape / infrastructure: "The design concept also ties in with the historical use of the site - attentive visitors will find traces of the past in the form of old railway tracks, signalling systems and buffer stops, especially in Ostpark and Dora-Duncker-Park." (Ref. 3); "Dense areas of wild growth and relics from the railway era have been preserved – e.g. railroad tracks, signalling systems, and buffer stops" (Ref. 13)
Evidence for use of assessment
Presence of an assessment, evaluation and/or monitoring process
Yes
Actors involved in the assessment, monitoring or evaluation of NBS impacts
Presence of indicators used in reporting
Yes
Type of indicators
Presence of monitoring/evaluation reports
Yes
Availability of a web-based monitoring tool
No evidence in public records
Name of any specific impact assessment tools
Unknown
Use of GIS in mapping impacts
No evidence in public records
Cost-benefit analysis
Unknown
Justice
Description of locals satisfaction with the project
In 2021, a representative survey was conducted that included questions about the overall perception of the park. The results indicate a positive sentiment towards the park (Ref. 8):

40% positive perception
17 % negative perception
33 % Changed perception since corona pandemic
66 % no change
Trade-offs & Negative impacts
Measures to prevent gentrification or displacement
High-quality & Transformative NBS
Multiple impacts delivery (climate, biodiversity, just community)
No
Goal setting and impacts delivery
No, project goals were not set, and benefits were not delivered in all 3 key areas.
Reaching original project goals
Please specify the achievements of the project goals
Biodiversity:
--Increased ecological connectivity across regeneration sites and scales: "The park is part of Berlin's open space network, which extends from Tiergarten to Schöneberger Südgelände. It therefore makes a significant contribution to connecting habitats." (Ref. 1)
--Achieved increased conversion of degraded land or soil: "In its time as a wild wasteland, a unique ecological diversity has grown up at Gleisdreieck, which is also maintained and established in parts of today's park. " (Ref. 3)
--Achieved increased number of species present: "A total of over 950 trees and shrubs planted | 330 trees in the area
species already present, such as poplar, robinia, oak, Turkey oak,
hackberry, wild apple, pine, birch and rowan | 620 shrubs: typical
species of the railway wasteland such as lilac, buddleia, hawthorn, wild rose,
sowing lawn and dry grassland, sage flower meadow, shade, bee and butterfly borders, mixture for natural gravel areas" (Ref. 4)
Social justice and community:
Improve access to urban green space: "Today, the park allows many people to exercise and relax, but above all to experience urban nature and biodiversity day after day." (Ref. 1); "However, it is also important because there is a large deficit of green spaces in the neighbouring district of Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg and in Schöneberg. The park is a huge gain in quality of life for the people living in these districts." (Ref. 4)

Increased involvement of locals in the management of green spaces: "However, this participation process was certainly a great benefit for the park. And the insights gained will help to successfully organise further public participation processes." (Ref. 4)

Gain in activities for recreation and exercise: "In the nature discovery area, children aged between 6 and 12 can also learn about animals and plants, play hide and seek or, in summer, splash around in the pools filled with water. And of course there are also playgrounds on the grounds waiting to be conquered by children of all ages." (Ref. 12)

Protection of historic and cultural landscape / infrastructure: "The design concept also ties in with the historical use of the site - attentive visitors will find traces of the past in the form of old railway tracks, signalling systems and buffer stops, especially in Ostpark and Dora-Duncker-Park." (Ref. 3); "Dense areas of wild growth and relics from the railway era have been preserved – e.g. railroad tracks, signalling systems, and buffer stops" (Ref. 13)
Long-term perspective
Unknown: No information about the project's long-term sustainability.
Cost-effective solutions
Unknown
Perception of Environmental Change
Unknown
References
1.
Senate Department for Mobility, Transport, Climate Protection and Environment (n.d.). Park am Gleisdreieck. Accessed on September 15, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
2.
Grün Berlin (n.d.). Park am Gleisdreieck Development & participation. Accessed on September 15, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
3.
Park am Gleisdreieck (n.d.). Stadtnatur & Umweltbildung. Accessed on September 15, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
4.
Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment (2013). Der Park am Gleisdreieck Idee, Geschichte, Entwicklung und Umsetzung. Accessed on September 15, 2024, [Download];
5.
Grün Berlin (2015). Park am Gleisdreieck. Accessed on September 15, 2024, [Download];
6.
Potsdamer Platz (n.d.). Der Potsdamer Platz im Wandel der Zeit. Accessed on September 15, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
7.
Grün Berlin (n.d.). Reallabor Park am Gleisdreieck. Accessed on September 15, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
8.
Berlin-Brandenburg Statistical Office (2024). Statistischer Bericht. Accessed on September 15, 2024, [Download];
9.
District Office Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg of Berlin (n.d.). Zahlen und Fakten. Accessed on September 15, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
10.
Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg (2024). Bevölkerung der Bezirke in Berlin nach Migrationshintergrund im Jahr 2023. Accessed on September 15, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
11.
VisitBerlin (n.d.). Park am Gleisdreieck. Accessed on September 15, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
12.
Cultural Heritage in Action (2022). Park am Gleisdreieck. Accessed on September 15, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
13.
INFO GmbH (2021). Besucher*innen-Zählung im Park am Gleisdreieck. Accessed on October 3, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
Comments and notes
Additional insights
The assessment report was written by Grün Berlin and featured work from university students, while the monitoring report was done by an external company about visitor numbers.
Public Images
Image
A forest grew among the vacant train tracks
A forest grew among the vacant train tracks
Konstantin Börner
Image
Train tracks run through the Park am Gleisdreieck
The train tracks that give the park its name
Konstantin Börner