Greening and Conserving Pirojshanagar’s Mangroves

1. General information

Location and description of the intervention

City or FUA

Mumbai

Region

Asia

Native title of the NBS intervention

पिरोजशानगरच्या खारफुटीची हिरवळ आणि संवर्धन

Short description of the intervention

Pirojshanagar Township is an industrial and residential establishment of the company Godrej & Boyce Mfg. Co Ltd (G&B), located in the Vikhroli suburb of Mumbai city along Thane creek, with diverse natural and human-made habitats (1,2). Of the 16 km2 area of the Township, approximately 12 km2 is occupied by the mangrove ecosystem and its associated habitats (1,2). Upon recognizing the importance of this ecosystem, G&B decided to prioritize the conservation of the mangroves that grew along the banks of the newly acquired land (along the Thane Creek west bank) (1,2). Pirojshanagar, with its biodiverse mangrove forest, is sandwiched between two solid waste dumping grounds of the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC), which only increases its importance in the landscape and makes it a green oasis that acts as a carbon sink (1). It was a research-based project and the first successful mangrove conservation project in Mumbai, now serving as the Mumbai Metropolitan's green lung (1,2).

Address

Mumbai 400079
India

Location

The NBS is situated in an area, with clear delineation of boundaries and a specific shape (polygon). The NBS project can also have more than one area location (more than one polygon, situated close by).

Area boundary

POINT (72.927428068569 19.125161154108)

POINT (72.941751252631 19.12332621262)

POINT (72.957773797515 19.099240717423)

POINT (72.961548412567 19.060525713955)

POINT (72.944502645955 19.054351239907)

POINT (72.932356261363 19.060429239566)

POINT (72.934908022832 19.065542304847)

POINT (72.928069302095 19.071909297757)

POINT (72.923476131451 19.07046227539)

POINT (72.917351903926 19.080880554394)

POINT (72.920852491638 19.084326636082)

POINT (72.916677951025 19.092919117682)

POINT (72.92551653286 19.103090048183)

POINT (72.928084468627 19.110641897711)

POINT (72.927827600706 19.121400556225)

NBS area image

Source of NBS area image

Google Earth Pro Image, available at https://www.google.com/maps/@19.0915625,72.9169206,8380m/data=!3m1!1e3 (accessed 25.01.2023)

Total area

12000000.00m²

NBS area

12000000.00m²

Type of area before implementation of the NBS

Industrial

Residential

Natural Heritage Area/Untouched nature

Website of the intervention

https://mangroves.godrej.com/mangroves-ecosystem.html

Timeline of intervention

Start date of the intervention (planning process)

1990

Start date of intervention (implementation process)

1999

End date of the intervention

2002

Present stage of the intervention

Completed

2. Objectives of the intervention

Goals of the intervention

The project emphasized the following main goals:
- To conduct a detailed research study of an ecologically sensitive area named ‘Vikhroli Mangroves: Conservation and Management'.
- To restore and conserve the mangroves that grew along the banks of the newly acquired land (Pirojshanagar Township by Godrej & Boyce Mfg. Co Ltd.)
- To develop conservation and management measures to protect the ecologically sensitive area of relevant importance for improved air quality and its role as a carbon sink (1).
- To educate and create awareness regarding the importance of mangrove ecosystems and environmental conservation through various implementation tools for different groups (such as schools, colleges, citizen groups, corporate employees, professional associations and others) (1,2).

Quantitative targets

Unknown

Monitoring indicators defined

- Ambient air quality
- Creek and groundwater quality
- Soil carbon content (1,2).

Sustainability challenge(s) addressed

Climate action for adaptation, resilience and mitigation (SDG 13)

Climate change mitigation

Coastal resilience and marine protection (SDG 14)

Coastal protection / hazard mitigation

Marine and coastal biodiversity protection

Marine and coastal research and/or education

Environmental quality

Air quality improvement

Green space, habitats and biodiversity (SDG 15)

Habitat and biodiversity restoration

Habitat and biodiversity conservation

Green space creation and/or management

Inclusive and effective governance (SDG 16)

Effective management

Social justice, cohesion and equity (SDG 10)

Environmental education

Climate change adaptation: What were the goals of the NBS?

Build resilience

Climate change adaptation: What activities are implemented to realize the conservation goals and targets?

Protect coastal and freshwater ecosystems to prevent coastal erosion and pollution

Climate change mitigation: What were the goals of the NBS?

Sequester and store carbon

Climate change mitigation: What activities are implemented to realize the conservation goals and targets?

Implement sustainable forest management measures to increase carbon sinks/ improve carbon storage

Improve carbon sequestration through selection of more adaptable species

Habitats and biodiversity conservation: What types of conservation goals are / were defined for the NBS intervention?

Species-focused

Ecosystem-focused

Habitats and biodiversity conservation: What activities are implemented to realize the conservation goals and targets?

Protect and enhance urban habitats

Preserve and strengthen existing habitats and ecosystems

Protect species

Undertake specific measures to protect species

Undertake specific measures to protect native species

Undertake specific measures to protect valued species

Means for conservation governance

Raise public awareness

Public engagement

Create and use scientific knowledge for conservation

What types of restoration goals are / were defined for the NBS intervention?

Species-focused

Ecosystem-focused

What activities are implemented to realize the restoration goals and targets?

Rehabilitate and restore damaged or destroyed ecosystems

Restore species (native, endangered, or unspecified)

Restore native species

Public engagement

Implementation activities

The Wetland Management Services Department (WMS) of Godrej and Boyce Manufacturing Company Limited (G&B) conserves the Pirojshanagar's mangroves through a three-pronged approach of research, conservation and awareness-raising (1,2). The research findings resulted in the developing a systematic approach and establishing a dedicated mangrove management team (2).

Specific activities included are as follows:
- Establishment of mangrove nurseries.
- Regular peripheral plantations and use of the fishbone technique for 80 acres of mangrove plantation. This technique ensured good circulation of water, leading to a lowering of salinity.
- Development of 3 thematic gardens to engage visitors to the mangroves while supporting local biodiversity via local food chains.
- Planning 5 nature trails with pathways closely interacting with the Pirojshanagar mangroves.
- Development of the first mobile app in Asia with 67 true mangrove and mangrove associate species in 11 languages.
- Development of children's storybook on mangroves in English and Marathi language.
- Development of the first Marathi language website on mangroves.
- Development of a marine aquarium as a tool to sensitize visitors on marine fish diversity within mangroves.
- Development of a mangrove information center with a collection of books, magazines, research reports, conference proceedings and other publications on various aspects of mangrove ecosystems.
- Awareness through outdoor and indoor activities to encourage citizen science action (outdoor activities = documentation of plant diversity and wildlife photography, bird and butterfly watching, interactive and educational games and participatory planting programmes and indoor activities = film screenings, quizzes, presentations, talks and exploration of the mangrove information center)
- Initiation of the first mangrove awareness campaign across eight coastal states of India (1,2).

G&B also carries out water treatment, recycling, and ‘zero waste to landfill’ initiatives to control pollution. (2)

Type of NBS project

Coastal landscape management or protection

Protection of natural ecosystems

Knowledge creation and awareness raising

Monitoring and maintenance of habitats and/or biodiversity

3. NBS domains, ES and scale

NBS domain and interventions

Ecological domain(s) where the NBS intervention(s) is/are implemented

Blue infrastructure

Coastlines

Coastal wetland, mangroves and salt marshes

Vegetation Type

Grass

Shrubs

Trees

Please specify how many trees were planted

Unknown

Amenities offered by the NBS

Educational or biodiversity trails

Educational and research amenities (nature protection centre, monitoring stations)

Services

Expected ecosystem services delivered

Provisioning services

Water (surface and ground water for drinking and non-drinking purposes)

Regulating services

Air quality regulation

Coastal protection

Carbon storage/sequestration

Habitat and supporting services

Habitats for species

Cultural services

Intellectual interactions (scientific and / or educational)

Physical and experiential interactions with plants and animals

Social and community interactions

Scale

Spatial scale

Micro-scale: District/neighbourhood level

Beneficiaries

Primary Beneficiaries

Local government/Municipality

Private sector/Corporate/Company

Researchers/University

Citizens or community groups

4. Governance and financing

Governance

Governance arrangements

Led by non-government actors

Non-government actors

Non-governmental organisation (NGO) / Civil society / Churches

Private sector/Corporate/Business

Researchers, university

Citizens or community groups

Please specify the roles of the specific government and non-government actor groups involved in the initiative

Godrej & Boyce Mfg. Co Ltd (G&B) acquired several hundred acres of land in Vikhroli to set up an Industrial Garden Township in 1948. Upon recognizing the importance of this ecosystem, decided to prioritize the conservation of the mangroves starting in 1985 with the creation of the Soonabai Pirojsha Godrej Foundation (Ref. 1, 2).
"The Soonabai Pirojsha Godrej Marine Ecology Centre, which was setup, focussed on the conservation of this ecologically sensitive area, bringing all of the land with mangrove cover under protection." (Ref. 2). As part of its work, the Wetland Management Services (WMS) was created, lending conservation efforts a distinct identity and adequate resources.
"Almost 50 years later, around the early 2000s, the health of the mangrove ecosystem and its biodiversity were clearly visible, and G&B decided to extend their research and outreach to the Mumbai Metropolitan Region by appointing a dedicated Education Officer. Subsequently, NGOs and CBOs, academic and research institutes, citizen forums and other stakeholders became involved" (Ref. 2).

Specific activities undertaken in this project (structured by the responsible actor involved):
1. NGO's: Facilitating NGO awareness programmes on Godrej mangroves.; Facilitating NGO visits to Godrej nursery for exposure and learning.; Participating in horticultural competitions organized by NGOs.; Engaging expert and authorized NGOs in wildlife rescue and rehabilitation.; Supporting NGO drives through donations, employee volunteering and technical support.; Collaborating on awareness programmes (Ref. 2)
2. Research institutes: Collaborating in in-situ and ex-situ biodiversity research.; Sharing expertise.; Providing financial support for collaborative research (2).
3. Academic institutes (schools and colleges): Running mangrove awareness programmes in Godrej campus.; Encouraging student research projects on biodiversity in the Godrej campus.; Providing financial, logistics and technical support to academic conferences and seminars.; Conducting presentations and poster exhibitions in academic institutes (2).
4. Business consortiums: Sponsoring biodiversity-related events or sessions.; Facilitating and conducting collaborative initiatives, such as the India Business and Biodiversity Forum.; Sharing expertise and delivering presentations in conferences and seminars (2).
5. Godrej customers, vendors and other supply chain links: Updating stakeholders on biodiversity management during vendor and other meetings.; Encouraging good practices such as plantations, responsible waste management and water conservation.; Awarding stakeholders for biodiversity conservation initiatives (2)
6. Citizens and other stakeholders: Developing mangroves mobile app for mangrove species identification and ecosystem awareness.; Running popular articles in newspapers and magazines, and interviews on radio channels.; Conducting mangrove awareness programmes (in-situ and ex-situ).; Running Godrej Mangroves Facebook group for awareness and engagement (2)

Key actors - initiating organization

Private sector/corporate actor/company

Land owners

Private sector or company

Key actors - Other stakeholders involved (besides initiating actors)

Local government/municipality

Non-government organisation/civil society

Citizens or community group

Researchers/university

Private sector/corporate actor/company

Private foundation/trust

Participatory methods/forms of community involvement used

Co-planning (e.g. stakeholder workshops, focus groups, participatory mapping)

Taskforce groups

Dissemination of information and education

Consultation (e.g. workshop, surveys, community meetings, town halls)

Co-management/Joint management

Citizen monitoring and review

Policy drivers

NBS intervention implemented in response to an Regional Directive/Strategy

NBS intervention implemented in response to a national regulations/strategy/plan

Yes

Please specify the national regulations/strategy/plan

Besides internal policies from G&B (which guides mangrove protection, enhancement and management), national legal frameworks and policies, such as the Wildlife Conservation Act of 1972, CRZ Notification of 2018 and the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act of 2016, support the mangrove greening and its protection (Ref. 2).

NBS intervention implemented in response to a local regulation/strategy/plan

Unknown

Mandatory or voluntary intervention

Voluntary (spontaneous)

Please specify other type of voluntary intervention

The Environmental Policy and ‘Good & Green’ Sustainability strategy of G&B guides mangrove protection, enhancement and management. Besides this internal policy, national legal frameworks and policies, such as the Wildlife Conservation Act of 1972, CRZ Notification of 2018 and the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act of 2016, support mangrove greening and protection. (Ref. 2)

Enablers

Presence of specific city-level GI/NBS vision/strategy/plan - mentioned in connection to the project

Unknown

Presence of specific city-level GI/NBS section/part in a more general plan - mentioned in connection to the project

Unknown

Presence of city network or regional partnerships focused on NBS - mentioned in connection to the project

Unknown

Presence of GI / NBS research project - mentioned in connection to the project

Yes

Please specify

"Several research projects have been undertaken in partnership with academic and research institutes on species diversity, species interactions, species and ecosystem interactions, ecosystem services, threats to mangroves and role of stakeholders, and ecosystem management, among others. One of the milestones for research has been the doctorate study on ‘ Vikhroli Mangroves: Conservation and Management ’ (1985 - 1992)(...) the study provided important insights into the mangrove ecosystem of the Godrej Industrial Garden Township" (Ref. 1).

Subsidies/investment for GI / NBS in the city - mentioned in connection to the project

Unknown

Co-finance for NBS

Yes

Co-financing governance arrangements

Unknown

Was this co-governance arrangement already in place, or was it set up specifically for this NBS?

Unknown

Financing

Total cost

Unknown

What is/was the Cost/Budget (EUR) of the NBS or green infrastructure elements?

Unknown

What are the total amount of expected annual maintenance costs?

Unknown

What is the expected annual maintenance costs of the NBS or GI elements?

Unknown

Please specify cost savings

Unknown

Please specify total cost (EUR)

Unknown

Source(s) of funding

Corporate investment

Type of fund(s) used

Direct funding (grants, subsidies, or self-financed projects by private entities)

Non-financial contribution

Unknown

Business models

Risk reduction model

Green densification model

Which of the involved actors was motivated by this model?

Private for-profit actor (e.g. firm, insurer)

Private non-for-profit actor (e.g. NGO, foundation)

5. Innovation

Type of innovation

Social

Governance innovation

Cultural innovation

Novelty level of the innovation

The innovation is completely new without connections to previous initiative(s)

Please specify novelty level of the innovation

While it can be argued that this mangrove reforestation project is similar to others around the globe, there are several aspects that are recognised as extremely unique to the Pirojshanagar mangrove initiative. Specifically, the "Pirojshanagar mangrove management has become a national and international benchmark for its many ‘first of its kind’ initiatives such as: the first large-scale mangrove plantation in Maharashtra, the first ISO 14001 EMS certified mangrove forest of India, first mobile app of Asia about mangroves, and first mangrove awareness campaign across eight coastal states of India. (Ref. 2)

Replicability/Transferability

Unknown

6. Evaluation and learning

Impacts, benefits

Environmental impacts

Climate change

Enhanced carbon sequestration

Water management and blue areas

Improved water quality

Increased protection against flooding

Enhanced protection and restoration of coastal and marine ecosystems

Green space and habitat

Increased green space area

Increased conservation or restoration of ecosystems

Reduced biodiversity loss

Increased number of species present

Description of environmental benefits

-Increased green space area: "G&B’s mangrove management initiative has resulted in the conservation of a 12 km2 area of mangrove ecosystem at Pirojshanagar" (Ref. 2 ).
"A mangrove nursery has been established, and mangrove saplings have been distributed to other organisations for plantation within Maharashtra and beyond" (Ref. 1)
"Nature trails, and theme gardens for butterflies, medicinal plants and palms have been established. Each theme garden conserves more than 100 diverse species." (Ref. 1).
-Increased number of species present & Reduced biodiversity loss: "The Mangrove ecosystem now shelters diverse wildlife. Re-plantation activities have offered better roosting and nesting habitats for the avifauna. (...) As a result of conservation initiatives, the Mangrove ecosystem (including 15 species of true mangroves ) now shelters diverse wildlife comprising 208 bird species, 82 butterfly species, 31 reptile species, 4 mammal species, 22 fish species, 14 crab species, 7 prawn species, 79 spider species and more than 75 insect species" Ref. 1).
-Enhanced carbon sequestration: "Research assessments revealed that mangroves had sequestered approximately 10,20,000 metric tonnes of carbon equivalent of carbon dioxide in its biomass and sediments as of August 2020. Additionally, 60,000 equivalent tonnes of carbon dioxide is sequestered every year." (Ref. 1).
-Increased protection against flooding & Improved water quality: "The Godrej mangrove ecosystem acts as a pollution sink and buffer to the nearby urban communities against flood and stench from neighbouring waste facilities, improving the quality of life of these communities. The extensive root network of the mangroves protects the shoreline of suburbs such as Ghatkopar, Vikhroli and Kanjurmarg from erosion and acts as a natural sponge during extreme events like flash floods and storms. They also play a vital role in nutrient recycling and treating Mumbai's wastewater by breaking complex pollutants." (Ref. 1).

Economic impacts

Increase of green jobs (e.g. paid employment positions)

Stimulate development in deprived areas

Description of economic benefits

-Increase of jobs: 40000 employee creation (Ref. 3)
-Stimulate development in deprived areas: Support to fisherfolk livelihood (Ref. 3)

Description of social and cultural benefits

-Increased support for education and scientific research: "Several research projects have been undertaken in partnership with academic and research institutes on species diversity, species interactions, species and ecosystem interactions, ecosystem services, threats to mangroves and role of stakeholders, and ecosystem management, among others" (Ref. 1).
-Increased knowledge of locals about local nature: "Several activities have been carried out for raising awareness of the importance of mangroves (e.g. nature walks, distribution of posters and pamphlets, film screenings, hosting quizzes and debates in the Mangrove Information Centre, conducting seminars and conferences, publishing articles in journals and magazines, and releasing publications such as 'Godrej: Symbiosis of Industry and Nature', 'Mangroves' (Ref. 5)). Also, a mobile phone application (Ref. 6) on mangroves has also been launched - a first of its kind in Asia. The application helps users identify mangroves and their associated species found in all the coastal states of India. It also provides information on threats to mangroves along with conservation measures. The App is available in 11 Indian languages enabling use by local stakeholders." (Ref. 1)
-Increased awareness of NBS and their benefits: "There is continuous engagement with local communities on various mangrove conservation initiatives, such as documenting mangrove species in the region along with their common local names and uses. The local fisherfolk also help in keeping the species inventory updated by willingly sharing information on any unusual aquatic species caught in fishing nets. Such engagement also enhances the WMS team’s understanding of tide cycles and various issues related to changes in biodiversity, hydrology and pollution" (Ref. 1)
- Recreation & Increased knowledge of locals about local nature: "Every year around 7,000-10,000 citizens learn about biodiversity and the importance of mangroves through nature walks and other awareness programs organized by Godrej. In the last four years, over 35,000 citizens have visited the Godrej mangroves or department’s poster exhibitions and presentations" (Ref. 1, 2).
-Improved community safety to climate-related hazards: Godrej mangrove ecosystem acts as a pollution sink and buffer to the nearby urban communities against floods (Ref. 1).
-Increased sustainability of agriculture practices: The conservation of the mangroves improved local fish stocks and the sustainability of agricultural practices (Ref. 3).

Other benefits & awards:
"G&B has received recognition and accolades for their contribution to mangrove conservation by the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) in 2006, winning the ‘Green Governance Award’." (Ref. 2)
In 2018, "the National Biodiversity Authority, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India recognised G&B’s efforts towards the conservation of mangroves and conservation of wild species through its National ‘Biodiversity Award’. " (Ref. 2)

Type of reported impacts

Achieved impacts

Indicators

-Number of participants in educational activities.
-Number of visitors
-Tonnes of carbon equivalent of carbon dioxide present in biomass and sediments
-Tonnes of carbon dioxide sequestered per year (Ref. 1).

Analysis of specific impact categories

Job creation: The NBS created ...

Paid employment positions

Please specify other method used to evaluate the impacts of NBS

The green cover of Pirojshanagar as measured through remote sensing and ground surveys has shown steady growth over the decades (Ref.2).
"There is continuous engagement with local communities on various mangrove conservation initiatives, such as documenting mangrove species in the region along with their common local names and uses. The local fisherfolk also help in keeping the species inventory updated by willingly sharing information on any unusual aquatic species caught in fishing nets. Such engagement also enhances the WMS team’s understanding of tide cycles and various issues related to changes in biodiversity, hydrology and pollution" (Ref. 1)

Negative impacts: Did the project cause any problems or concerns?

No information was found regarding negative impacts of the project

COVID-19 pandemic

Unknown

Methods of impact monitoring

Process of recording NBS impacts

Collection of monitoring data continuously throughout the project to aid evaluation

Methods used to evaluate the impacts of NBS

GIS data analysis

Measurements of biophysical aspects of the NBS (e.g. temperature, water flow)

Observation (including virtual surveillance methods)

Other

Evidence for use of assessment

Presence of an assessment, evaluation and/or monitoring process

Yes

Presence of indicators used in reporting

Yes

Presence of monitoring/evaluation reports

No evidence in public records

Availability of a web-based monitoring tool

No evidence in public records

Impact assessment mechanism

Name of any specific impact assessment tools

Unknown

Use of GIS in mapping impacts

No evidence in public records

Citizen involvement

Citizens involvement in assessment/evaluation

Yes

Mode(s) of citizen involvement in evaluation/assessment

Online Forum

Submission of monitoring data (citizen observation)

Citizens involvement in the analysis of the assessment/evaluation

Unknown

Follow-up to the evaluation / assessment

Unknown

7. Sources

References

Web links relevant to the intervention

Project website by Godrej Company - Implementation Partner

First Mobile App on mangroves

Many Secrets of Mangroves - First ever Story Book on mangroves

List of references

1. Joshi, Tejashree. Godrej's Pirojshanagar Mangroves. Mumbai: Godrej and Boyce Manufacturing Company Limited, available at http://www.india-oecm.in/Files/Categories/Godrej_Pirojshanagar.pdf (accessed 06-01-2023)
2. Fernandes, Rithika. Panwar, Vishakha. Sen, Monalisa. (2022). Nature-based Solutions for urban climate resilience in South Asia: Cases from Bangladesh, India and Nepal. Climate and Development Knowledge Network. ICLEI South Asia, available at https://cdkn.org/sites/default/files/2022-11/NbS%20Compendium_Nov%202022_final_web.pdf (accessed 06-01-2023)
3. Deshpande, Laxmikant. (2022). Godrej Mangroves: Symbiosis of Industry & Nature since Seven Decades. Godrej & Boyce Mfg Co Ltd, available at https://panorama.solutions/en/solution/godrej-mangroves-symbiosis-industry-nature-seven-decades (accessed 06-01-2023)
4. The CSR Journal. (2022). Godrej & Boyce working for conservation of mangroves in India. By The CSR Journal, available at https://thecsrjournal.in/godrej-boyce-conservation-mangroves-india/ (accessed 06-01-2023)
5. Bagli, K. (2019) Many Secrets of Mangroves - First ever Story Book on mangroves. Available at: https://mangroves.godrej.com/resources/pdf/TwoPageBook.pdf (accessed 23-02-2023)
6. Mangroves by Godrej & Boyce (2023). Mangroves: First Mobile App on mangroves. Available at: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.godrej.mangroves&hl=en_IN&gl=US (accessed 23-02-2023)

Comments and notes

Comments

Kindly find all other details regarding financial aspects and impacts of the project post implementation in above given references.

Additional insights

Text from short description:
Godrej & Boyce Mfg. Co Ltd (G&B) still continues to enhance its level of commitment to environmental sustainability (1,2).
Employing a three-pronged strategy, G&B mangroves became India’s first ISO 14001-certified forest in 1997, which guarantees SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time-bound) performance indicators and targets for conservation initiatives.
- Presentations by G&B at Government seminars, conferences and consultations.
- Visits by Government organisations to the Godrej campus for exposure and training.
- Participation in Government drives and initiatives (1,2)

Godrej Construction, a business unit of Godrej & Boyce Mfg. Co Ltd has formed dedicated Wetland Management Services (WMS), which undertook conservation initiatives for the mangroves (1,2).

Public Images

Aerial View of Godrej Mangroves

By Godrej & Boyce Manufacturing Company Limited, available at https://mangroves.godrej.com/mangroves-quiz.html

First large-scale mangrove plantation at Pirojshanagar, Vikhroli, Mumbai

Maharashtra’s first large-scale mangrove plantation at Pirojshanagar by Godrej

By Godrej & Boyce Manufacturing Company Limited, available at http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/NbS%20Compendium.pdf

Undertaking plantations

By Godrej & Boyce Manufacturing Company Limited, available at http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/NbS%20Compendium.pdf

A capture from the camera trap study of wildlife at Godrej mangroves

By Godrej & Boyce Manufacturing Company Limited, available at http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/NbS%20Compendium.pdf