1. General information
Location and description of the intervention
City or FUA
Nairobi (FUA)
Region
Africa
Short description of the intervention
Rapid urbanization and a population density of 6,247 people per km² have placed significant stress on Nairobi's natural resources (Ref 1). The 40-km long Nairobi River Basin, originating from the Ondiri Swamp, serves as a vital water source for the city (Ref 1, 2). However, it has suffered severe pollution from untreated sewage, solid waste, industrial contaminants, plastics, and agricultural runoff (Ref 1, 3). This degradation has had a serious impact on the ecosystem, local residents, and biodiversity (Ref 3).

To address these issues, the Nairobi River Basin Programme (NRBP), sponsored by UNEP, was launched in 1999 (Ref 4). Since then, government and non-state actors have worked together on solid waste management, riparian restoration, and wastewater control (Ref 1). The program was implemented in two phases: Phase I (2003–2006) and Phase II (2006–2009), involving stakeholders from the government, private sector, and civil society (Ref 1, 4, 5). Despite these efforts, a study from 2017 found significant tree removal along the river, and between 1988 and 2014, encroachment into the 30-meter riparian buffer zone dramatically increased, particularly between 2010 and 2014, further degrading the river’s health (Ref 1).
Implementation area characterization
Timeline of intervention
Start date of the intervention (planning process)
1999
Start date of intervention (implementation process)
1999
End date of the intervention
2009
Present stage of the intervention
Objectives of the intervention
Goals of the intervention
The objectives of the Nairobi River Basin Programme (NRBP) are to rehabilitate, restore, and manage the Nairobi River ecosystem. The goal is to provide improved livelihoods, particularly for the poor, enhance biodiversity, and ensure a sustainable supply of water for domestic, industrial, recreational, and emergency uses (Ref 5).

Phase 2 of the NRBP includes a ten-point strategy (Ref 4):
Raise awareness through public forums and assess the social impacts of the restoration efforts.
Survey and delineate the riparian reserve.
Stop illegal discharges into the river.
Complete the 2.5 km demonstration stretch of the river restoration project.
Relocate economic activities and informal settlements that negatively impact the river.
Develop and implement an integrated solid waste management system.
Rehabilitate the Nairobi Dam.
Repair and install sewerage infrastructure and other associated systems.
Develop a Master Plan for the sustainable economic use of the riparian zone.
Landscaping and beautification of the riparian zone through tree planting and soil erosion control.
What types of restoration goals are / were defined for the NBS intervention?
Implementation activities and NBS focus
Implementation activities
1) Conducting comprehensive investigation on the biological components of the three main tributaries of the Nairobi Rivers and Reservoirs (Ref 4);
2) Clearing waste and debris from the Nairobi River, co-implemented by the government and the UNEP (Ref 1, 3);
3) Replanting indigenous trees and flora along the riverbanks thus controlling soil erosion and filtering pollutants from entering the river were accomplished (ibid.); 4000 tree seedlings planted in the upper catchments (Ref 4);
4) Rehabilitation of 2.5km demo stretch from Museum Hill to Globe Cinema; Removal of 6000 tons of solid waste at the Demo stretch (ibid.);
5) Process of on-going stoppage of 367 illegal discharges that were identified (ibid.);
6) Repairing and installing sewerage and associated infrastructure undertaken (ibid.);
7) Delineation of a 30-metre riparian reserve on Ngong River, the branch that leaves the dam (Ref 4, 6);
8) Land for transfer station at Kariobangi are surveyed and fencing on-going; 3 main abandoned quarries identified for alternative land filling prior construction a sanitary land fill; Land construction a sanitary land fill identified at Ruai (Ref 4);
9) On-going land acquisition for relocating 130,000 people for plan to demolish 16,046 structures; Population census and business along the riparian reserve undertaken (Ref 6);
10) Six public awareness forums on the importance of the program held, rallying communities to take part in clean-ups and promoting cleaner production (Ref 4, 6).
NBS domain and interventions
Ecological domain(s) where the NBS intervention(s) is/are implemented
Blue infrastructure
Rivers/streams/canals/estuaries
Riverbank/Lakeside greens
Design elements for well-being
Services
Expected ecosystem services delivered
Regulating services
Water purification / filtration
Habitat and supporting services
Habitats for species
Cultural services
Intellectual interactions (scientific and / or educational)
Social and community interactions
Scale
Spatial scale
Micro-scale: District/neighbourhood level
Beneficiaries
Demographics in implementation area
The NRBP includes implementation for Nairobi at the city level. As of 2019, there are 4,397,073 people in in the Nairobi City County, with a population density of 6,247 Persons per sq. km (Ref 7).
- Age: There are 34.41% and 34.08% of the population in age group over 100 and 15-29, 30.39% between 0 and 14 and 24.89% between 30-44, while people between 60 and 89 comprise only 2.29% (Ref 8);
- Employment: The employment rate is 47.51% as of 2019 in Nairobi (Ref 9);
- Household size: The average household size in the Nairobi is 2.9 (Ref 10);
- Vulnerable communities: About 56 percent of the capital City residents live in 46 highly congested informal and middle class settlements mainly located along the Nairobi River banks (Ref 4). The Rivers are polluted with uncollected garbage; human waste from informal settlements; industrial wastes in the form of gaseous emissions, liquid effluents, agro-chemicals, petrochemicals, metals and over-flowing sewers (ibid.).
Socio-economic profile of the area
Communities vulnerable to environmental hazards or climate change impacts
Yes
Specification of climate or environmentally vulnerable communities
Specify primary beneficiaries
- National-level government: The Kenyan national governmental actors benefited through strengthened environmental governance and policy implementation (Ref 1, 3, 5).
- Local government/Municipality: The Nairobi City County benefited from the program by improving solid waste management practices and gaining additional resources for restoring riparian zones (Ref 1, 4).
- Public sector institution (e.g. school or hospital): Public sector institutions like Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) benefited from the collaboration in research programs and urban environment management (Ref 5).
- Non-government organisation/Civil Society: Civil societies collaborating with NRBP benefited from the opportunity and platform to contribute to waste management, riverbank rehabilitation and awareness raising programs organisations (ibid.).
- Private sector/Corporate/Company: The program also collaborated with private sectors, creating work opportunities and public-private partnerships (ibid.).
- Researchers/University: University of Nairobi took the lead in conducting biodiversity investigation and research activities, which they benefited from (ibid.).
- Citizens or community groups: Citizens benefited from the enhanced urban facilities and urban ecosystems, as well as gaining knowledge from forums on awareness raising (Ref 4).
Marginalized groups
Specify measures taken for vulnerable or marginalized communities
Governance
Governance arrangements
Please specify the roles of the specific government and non-government actor groups involved in the initiative
The NRBP was started and supervised by the Office of the then Prime Minister with the sponsorship of UNEP in 1999, while the Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources provided leadership and coordination of a series of start-up and program development activities involving seventeen key Government ministries and agencies (Ref 4). The University of Nairobi (Ref 4) Citizens were encouraged to participate in tree planting (Ref 6). Awareness raising programs were delivered in the form of forums (Ref 4). The cost for NRBP was US$147,000 provided by
UNEP and an additional budget of Sh1.4 billion had been set aside for relocation by the Kenyan Government (Ref 6, 11). The program was a multi-stakeholder initiative that brought together the Government, development partners, university, the private sector and civil society (Ref 4, 5).
Key actors - initiating organization
Key actors - Other stakeholders involved (besides initiating actors)
Non-government organisation/civil society
Citizens or community group
Researchers/university
Private sector/corporate actor/company
Stages of citizen and community engagement
Level of citizen and community engagement
Uncommon actors ("Missing actors")
Policy drivers
NBS intervention implemented in response to a Regional Directive/Strategy
Unknown
NBS intervention implemented in response to a national regulations/strategy/plan
Unknown
NBS intervention implemented in response to a local regulation/strategy/plan
Unknown
Mandatory or voluntary intervention
Unknown
Intervention is mandatory
Enablers & Barriers
Please provide details (e.g, name of the plan or strategy) for the selected policies or initiatives.
The NRBP was started and supervised by the Office of the then Prime Minister with the sponsorship of UNEP in 1999 (Ref 4).
UNEP supported the action.
Barriers
Budgetary limitation: The program registered significant progress but hindered by budgetary limitation, among other constraints, the program did not fully achieve its objective (Ref 4).
Financing
Please specify total cost (EUR)
The cost for NRBP by UNEP was €132,212 (US$147,000) (Ref 11).
What is/was the Cost/Budget (EUR) of the NBS or green infrastructure elements?
n/a
Non-financial contribution
Unknown
Co-finance for NBS
Unknown
Entrepreneurship opportunities
Unknown
Business models
Which of the involved actors was motivated by this model?
Impacts, benefits
Description of environmental benefits
- Improved waste management: "Removal of 6000 tons of solid waste at the Demo stretch" (Ref 4);
- Enhanced protection and restoration of freshwater ecosystems/-Achieved improved soil quality/-Achieved improved stability of slopes: "Controlling soil erosion and filtering pollutants from entering the river were accomplished through replanting of indigenous trees and flora along the riverbanks" (Ref 1);
Increased number of species present: "4000 tree seedlings planted in the upper catchments" (Ref 4).
Environmental impact indicators
Total number of vascular plant species protected or introduced
4000
Economic impacts
Description of economic benefits
Unknown
Social and cultural impact indicators
Number of environmental education programs, workshops, outreach activities (eg. in schools, community centers, public spaces)
6
Description of social and cultural benefits
- Increased support for education and scientific research: "Phase I constituted a situation assessment of water quality, public awareness, community outreach through pilot income generation projects and capacity building. Phase II of the programme (June 2001 - December 2003) was a pilot initiative, focusing on a tributary of the airobi River system - the Motoine/Ngong River" (Ref 5);
-Increased awareness of NBS and their benefits: "Six public awareness forums on the importance of the program held" (Ref 4);
-Decreased crime rates: "Process of on-going stoppage of 367 illegal discharges that were identified" (ibid.).
Evidence for use of assessment
Presence of an assessment, evaluation and/or monitoring process
Yes
Actors involved in the assessment, monitoring or evaluation of NBS impacts
Presence of indicators used in reporting
Yes
Presence of monitoring/evaluation reports
Yes
Availability of a web-based monitoring tool
No evidence in public records
Name of any specific impact assessment tools
Unknown
Use of GIS in mapping impacts
Yes
Cost-benefit analysis
Unknown
Justice
Description of locals satisfaction with the project
"Despite the existence of Nairobi City’s Physical plans, which are designed to protect the river, the central obstacle lies in their efficient execution and enforcement. Inadequate implementation has resulted in uncontrolled urban expansion, the proliferation of informal settlements, increased industrial activities, and encroachment of agriculture near the riverbanks" (Ref 1);
'"The work was begun more or less two months ago”, says one of the workers from the Ministry of Environment, involved in waste collection. “We’re not volunteers, we are workers paid by the Government, but we do not have a contract. They can send us away whenever they want.”'(Ref 12).
Please specify Trade-offs & Negative impacts Selected
-Habitat destruction, fragmentation, or alteration (e.g. use of monocultures): "However, populations along the rivers removed a considerable number of trees with little replacement, compromising the biological health of the river environment. Nyawira Karangi (2017) while assessing the magnitude in acreage of built-up areas encroached over the 30-metre riparian buffer zone between 1988 and 2014 noted that Nairobi River had the highest acreage of built-up areas within the riparian reserve, with a sharp spike experienced between 2010 and 2014 (Figure 1)" (Ref 1).
Emphasis of existing social inequalities or injustices
Measures to prevent gentrification or displacement
High-quality & Transformative NBS
Multiple impacts delivery (climate, biodiversity, just community)
No
Goal setting and impacts delivery
No, project goals were not set, and benefits were not delivered in all 3 key areas.
Reaching original project goals
Please specify the achievements of the project goals
Biodiversity Goals:
- Improved waste management: "Removal of 6000 tons of solid waste at the Demo stretch" (Ref 4);
- Enhanced protection and restoration of freshwater ecosystems/Achieved improved soil quality/-Achieved improved stability of slopes: "Controlling soil erosion and filtering pollutants from entering the river were accomplished through replanting of indigenous trees and flora along the riverbanks" (Ref 1);
Increased number of species present: "4000 tree seedlings planted in the upper catchments" (Ref 4).
Social justice and community:
- Increased support for education and scientific research: "Phase I constituted a situation assessment of water quality, public awareness, community outreach through pilot income generation projects and capacity building. Phase II of the programme (June 2001 - December 2003) was a pilot initiative, focusing on a tributary of the airobi River system - the Motoine/Ngong River" (Ref 5);
-Increased awareness of NBS and their benefits: "Six public awareness forums on the importance of the program held" (Ref 4);
-Decreased crime rates: "Process of on-going stoppage of 367 illegal discharges that were identified" (ibid.).
Long-term perspective
No
Cost-effective solutions
Unknown
Application of lessons learned
Perception of Environmental Change
Unknown
References
1.
KIPPRA (2024). Restoring the Nairobi River Corridor. KIPPRA, Accessed on September 18, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
2.
Tana and Athi Rivers Development Authority (TARDA) (n.d.). Nairobi River Basin Restoration Programme. Tana and Athi Rivers Development Authority (TARDA), Accessed on September 18, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
3.
Dancan, O. (2024). Kenya: More Effort Needed to Reclaim Nairobi River. Science Africa, Accessed on September 18, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
4.
Mwanik, P. (2005). Survey and Situation Analysis of the Biological Characteristics of the Main Tributaries of the Nairobi Rivers, Reservoirs and Wetlands. University of Nairobi, Accessed on September 18, 2024, [Download];
5.
Kenya Rivers & Water Resources (2016). Master Plan for Nairobi River Basin. Kenya Rivers & Water Resources, Accessed on September 18, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
6.
The Standard (2009). Tough choices will save Nairobi River. The Standard, Accessed on September 18, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
7.
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2019). 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census: Volume 4 Distribution of Population by Administrative Units. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), Accessed on September 17, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
8.
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2019). 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census: Volume 3 Distribution of Population by Age and Sex. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), Accessed on September 17, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
9.
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2019). 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census: Volume 4 Distribution of Population by Socio Economic Characteristics. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), Accessed on September 17, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
10.
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2019). 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census: Volume 1 Population By County And Sub County. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), Accessed on September 17, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
11.
UN-HABITAT (n.d.). Nairobi River Basin Programme (NRBP). UN-HABITAT, Accessed on September 18, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
12.
Motella, M. (2009). Nairobi River Basin Programme, Problems and delays in the project. International Alliance for Inhabitants (IAI), Accessed on September 18, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];
Comments and notes
Public Images
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Nairobi River cleaning up
Nairobi River cleaning up
https://timeline.rotary9212.org/adopting-a-river-with-the-rotaract-club-of-ruiru/
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Nairobi Riverbank
Nairobi Riverbank
https://nrc.or.ke/