1. General information
Location and description of the intervention
City or FUA
Ulaanbaatar
Region
Asia
Short description of the intervention
Eco-district creation in Ulaanbaatar comes under the Ulaanbaatar Green Affordable Housing and Resilient Urban Renewal Project (AHURP). The planned development areas are hotspots of greenhouse emissions and air pollution, mainly due to the widespread use of coal for heating and cooking. The project will transform the highly climate-vulnerable and polluting "ger" areas (traditional Mongolian tents) into zones that are low-carbon emitting, climate-resilient and affordable. This will be done through low-cost urban infrastructure, public facilities, and social housing units. The project's five phases will deliver about 20 eco-districts or sub-projects, with each covering an average of 5 ha. The project is a large-scale demonstration initiative that will leverage private sector investment to deliver affordable and green housing stock, and redevelop "ger" areas into urban areas that are resilient to climate change, contribute to decreased air and soil pollution, and will provide a liveable urban environment to "ger" area residents. It will also establish policies, mechanisms, and standards for sustainable affordable housing and green urban redevelopment. [1, 2, 3]
Address

Ulaanbaatar
Mongolia

NBS area image
Source of NBS area image
The boundaries for the area are unknown. Image source: https://www.google.com/maps/place/Tsaiz+Market,+Ulaanbaatar,+Mongolia/@47.9282944,106.9747389,1114m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x5d9691efae7d68fd:0x3400b1865c717d72!8m2!3d47.9246478!4d106.9754059. Accessed on 29th October, 2021.
Total area
1000000.00m²
Type of area before implementation of the NBS
Timeline of intervention
Start date of the intervention (planning process)
2017
Start date of intervention (implementation process)
2018
End date of the intervention
ongoing
Present stage of the intervention
Goals of the intervention
The objectives of the project are to,
(i) improve the climate resilience of Ulaanbaatar city and the adaptability of Mongolia to climate change;
(ii) reduce greenhouses gas emission and pollution, and improve livability in Ulaanbaatar city, by transforming the highly climate-vulnerable and highly polluting peri-urban areas of Ulaanbaatar (ger areas) into eco-districts characterized as low-carbon, climate-resilient, and affordable. [2]

The project is expected to address the following policy targets and related benefits:
• Policies and regulations conducive to decentralized renewable energy in effect
• Green banking policies and sector capacity developed
• Climate responsive urban planning and implementation capacity developed [2, 5, 6]
Quantitative targets
1. 6.1 kilometres of sewerage network, 5.5 km of water supply pipes, 5.5 km of district heating pipes, 13.7 km of roads;
2. 15 ha of public space and green areas, 36,000 m2 of community’s facilities (such as education, health, and sports facilities), 1,500 units of social housing;
3. 2,000 m2 of greenhouses;
4. 72,000 m2 of photovoltaic (PV) panels;
5. 94,500 m2 of extra isolation system, utility metering, renewable energy and building performance monitoring systems, and air filter and heating regulation system.
6. 22.0 km of pedestrian and bicycling paths; [2]
Monitoring indicators defined
Unknown
Climate change adaptation: What were the goals of the NBS?
Climate change mitigation: What were the goals of the NBS?
What types of restoration goals are / were defined for the NBS intervention?
Implementation activities
The implementation mechanism will be the same regardless of the site chosen for the AHURP. There will be four
phases, the first two phases taking place before loan approval:
Phase 1 – identifying the perimeters for the core subprojects and assessing the willingness of communities to participate;
Phase 2 – land valuation leading to a preliminary agreement of plot owners for swapping, followed by the preliminary design;
Phase 3 –detailed design following loan approval and the final agreement on land valuation and land swapping;
Phase 4 – the implementation phase requires the selection of land developers. [2].
NBS domain and interventions
Ecological domain(s) where the NBS intervention(s) is/are implemented
Grey infrastructure featuring greens
Alley or street trees and other street vegetation
House gardens
Green playgrounds and school grounds
Parks and urban forests
Pocket parks/neighbourhood green spaces
Green areas for water management
Sustainable urban drainage systems
What is the level of innovation / development of the NBS related to water management?
Vegetation Type
Please specify how many trees were planted
Unknown
Amenities offered by the NBS
Services
Expected ecosystem services delivered
Provisioning services
Water (surface and ground water for drinking and non-drinking purposes)
Regulating services
Local climate regulation (temperature reduction)
Air quality regulation
Carbon storage/sequestration
Flood regulation
Water purification / filtration
Habitat and supporting services
Habitats for species
Cultural services
Aesthetic appreciation
Recreation
Scale
Spatial scale
Micro-scale: District/neighbourhood level
Beneficiaries
Governance
Governance arrangements
Please specify the roles of the specific government and non-government actor groups involved in the initiative
Executing Entity: Municipal Government of Ulaanbaatar
Implementing Entity: Municipal Government of Ulaanbaatar [2]
Key actors - initiating organization
Key actors - Other stakeholders involved (besides initiating actors)
Local government/municipality
Financial institution
Participatory methods/forms of community involvement used
Policy drivers
NBS intervention implemented in response to an Regional Directive/Strategy
No
NBS intervention implemented in response to a national regulations/strategy/plan
No
NBS intervention implemented in response to a local regulation/strategy/plan
Yes
Please specify the "local regulation/strategy/plan"
Ulaanbaatar City Urban Development Master Plan 2020 and Development Directions 2030 [2]
Mandatory or voluntary intervention
Mandatory (based on policy)
Enablers
Presence of specific city-level GI/NBS vision/strategy/plan - mentioned in connection to the project
Unknown
Presence of specific city-level GI/NBS section/part in a more general plan - mentioned in connection to the project
Yes
Please specify the general plan with GI/NBS section
Ulaanbaatar City Urban Development Master Plan 2020 and Development Directions 2030 [2]
If there is a relevant strategy or plan, please specify the theme / type of the plan.
Presence of city network or regional partnerships focused on NBS - mentioned in connection to the project
Yes
Please specify
Ger Area Infrastructure Agency (GAIA)
Presence of GI / NBS research project - mentioned in connection to the project
No
Subsidies/investment for GI / NBS in the city - mentioned in connection to the project
Unknown
Co-finance for NBS
Yes
Co-financing governance arrangements
Yes
Co-governance arrangement
Was this co-governance arrangement already in place, or was it set up specifically for this NBS?
Financing
What is/was the Cost/Budget (EUR) of the NBS or green infrastructure elements?
Unknown
What are the total amount of expected annual maintenance costs?
Unknown
What is the expected annual maintenance costs of the NBS or GI elements?
Unknown
Please specify cost savings
Unknown
Please specify total cost (EUR)
USD 570.1m=493.28m Euro (USD 1.16=1 Euro)
Please specify other source of funding
Loans, mortgage and value of existing holdings [1, 2]
Non-financial contribution
Unknown
Business models
Which of the involved actors was motivated by this model?
Type of innovation
Please specify technological innovation
Infrastructural innovation: CWWTP design is based on Artelia/Veolia construction design. For treatment of sludge generated from domestic wastewater, the CWWTP will use (i) Mesophilic Sludge Digestion for reducing and stabilizing the sludge produced, (ii) Cogeneration technology in order to generate power and thermal energy from sludge. Also, the installation of solar LED lights with zero emissions.
Please specify social innovation
A primary policy reform objective of the project is to overcome the lack of capacity, incentives, and investments for climate change and adaptation. Three key policy reform initiatives with their corresponding action plans will be pursued. (i) Climate change mitigation and adaptation study (ii) Improve buildings’ performance, lower carbon emission (iii) Develop more resilient, low carbon, participative, and liveable urban areas. [2]
Please specify novelty level of the innovation
Similar projects have been planned and implemented in a smaller scale, but the current innovation is so far the biggest one benefiting 100,000 inhabitants directly and 900,000 Mongolians indirectly. [2, 5]
Please specify Replicability/Transferability
The project promotes the replication of successful elements of AHURP subprojects. [2]
Impacts, benefits
Description of environmental benefits
1. 1.4 million people in Ulaanbaatar benefitting from reduced air pollution, further estimated to grow to 2.7 million people by 2050,
2. 10,000 households (35,000 people) provided with climate-resilient housing solutions, piped water, sanitation flood protection, waste management services and protection against seismic risks,
3. 15 ha of public green spaces including parks, street greens will contribute to the total green areas in the city and is expected to reduce the urban heat island effects and control the local micro-climate,
4. Additionally, 80000m2 of greenhouse areas will keep the city green even in harsh winters.
5. The planted trees are also expected to protect the soil and improve the water holding capacity. [2, 4]
Description of economic benefits
1. Cost reduction in climate change vulnerability: a) 35,000 primary direct beneficiaries from reduced climate change vulnerability, b) 100,000 total direct beneficiaries from reduced climate change vulnerability, c) 350,000 primary direct and indirect beneficiaries from reduced climate change, d) 1,000,000 total direct and indirect beneficiaries from reduced climate change vulnerability,
2. Cost reduction in energy consumption: insulation of 940,312 m2 of newly constructed buildings, bringing down the specific energy consumption for heating from 395 kWh/m2 per year to 151 kWh/m2 per year.
3. The project will promote green finance which is expected to increase sector capacity development and institutional strengthening in green banking for climate-resilient housing. [2]
Description of social and cultural benefits
1. 100,000 residents will be benefited directly and 900,000 residents will be benefited indirectly from climate change disasters.
2. Inhabitants of the less developed ger areas will get a fair distribution of the project benefits.
3. Green areas adjacent to the housing complexes and street alleys will improve public access to those.
4. A few parks and playgrounds have been planned to provide recreational activities for the locals.
5. The project training will support the dissemination of information about climate change adaptation and mitigation. [2, 4, 5]
Type of reported impacts
Indicators
Unknown
Analysis of specific impact categories
Job creation: The NBS created ...
Environmental justice: The implementation of the NBS project resulted in ...
Negative impacts: Did the project cause any problems or concerns?
No information was found regarding negative impacts of the project
COVID-19 pandemic
Unknown as of October, 2021.
Methods of impact monitoring
Evidence for use of assessment
Presence of an assessment, evaluation and/or monitoring process
Yes
Presence of indicators used in reporting
No evidence in public records
Presence of monitoring/evaluation reports
No evidence in public records
Availability of a web-based monitoring tool
No evidence in public records
Impact assessment mechanism
Name of any specific impact assessment tools
Unknown
Use of GIS in mapping impacts
No evidence in public records
Citizen involvement
Citizens involvement in assessment/evaluation
Unknown
Citizens involvement in the analysis of the assessment/evaluation
Unknown
Follow-up to the evaluation / assessment
Unknown
References
List of references
1. Green Climate Fund (n.d.) PROJECTS & PROGRAMMES: FP077: Ulaanbaatar Green Affordable Housing and Resilient Urban Renewal Project (AHURP). URL: https://www.greenclimate.fund/project/fp077#details. Accessed on 29th October, 2021.
2. ADB (2018). FP077: Ulaanbaatar Green Affordable Housing and Resilient Urban Renewal
Project (AHURP). Funding Proposal. URL: https://www.greenclimate.fund/sites/default/files/document/funding-proposal-fp077-adb-mongolia.pdf. Accessed on 29th October, 2021.
3. ADB (n.d.) Mongolia: Ulaanbaatar Green Affordable Housing and Resilient Urban Renewal Sector Project. URL: https://www.adb.org/projects/49169-002/main. Accessed on 29th October, 2021.
4. Secheresse (2018) Ulaanbaatar Green Affordable Housing and Resilient Urban Renewal Project (AHURP). URL: http://www.secheresse.info/spip.php?article110046. Accessed on 29th October, 2021.
5. UNESCAP (n.d.) ULAANBAATAR CITY GER DISTRICT’S DEVELOPMANT. URL: https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/S5_SukhabaatarBorkhuu_UB-compressed%20%281%29.pdf. Accessed on 29th October, 2021.
6. UNESCAP (2018). Eco-Village Project in Khoroo 19, Bayanzurkh District, Ulaanbaatar/Mongolia: Preliminary Study. URL: https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Study_MN_Ulaanbaatar_LandChange_2018.pdf. Accessed on 29th October, 2021.
Comments and notes
Additional insights
The right of Mongolian citizens to decide where to live that was reinforced first in 1992 in the Mongolian Law, and then in the Land Law in 2002 securing land rights and social benefits. In Ulaanbaatar, it ensured each resident a plot of land of 700 m2 on average. Despite the inflow of people, the city core was expanded only marginally to accommodate new migrants and the upgrading or extension of basic urban services was also limited. The migrants have settled (and newly arriving migrants continue to settle) in the city’s periphery, often using their traditional tents (gers) for housing. The Land Law acknowledged the existence of the gers areas by giving the migrants land titles. These factors reshaped the geography of the capital city and generated a vast peri-urban area named ger areas. [2]



Process innovation: Systematic identification of barriers to mitigation and adaptation investment and addressing them through a variety of measures, mostly consisting of suggestions for improving policies and regulations or creating new ones. The sector loan structure of AHURP provides a mechanism through which the implementation of such proposed measures could be promoted. Additionally, technical training will be provided to address the technical capacity constraints of developers, construction companies, and suppliers of equipment and building materials.
Public Images
Image
Ulaanbaatar Eco-district planning
Ulaanbaatar Eco-district planning
https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/S5_SukhabaatarBorkhuu_UB-compressed%20%281%29.pdf
Image
Ulaanbaatar Eco-district area current condition
Ulaanbaatar Eco-district area current condition
https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/S5_SukhabaatarBorkhuu_UB-compressed%20%281%29.pdf
Image
Ulaanbaatar Eco-district area
Ulaanbaatar Eco-district area
https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/S5_SukhabaatarBorkhuu_UB-compressed%20%281%29.pdf