Promote environmentally-sound development in and around protected areas

The "Ventanilla Wetlands" Regional Conservation Area (ACR) is an area of 275.45 hectares protected and administered by the Regional Management of Natural Resources and Environmental Management of the Regional Government of Callao (1, 2). It was established on December 20, 2006, by Supreme Decree No. 074-2006-AG, to conserve a representative sample of the coastal wetlands of the Subtropical Pacific Desert (2). With an ecosystem shaped by various hydrological and ecological processes, the "Ventanilla Wetlands" ACR is home to 126 bird species and 27 native plant species, making it an ideal area for ecotourism, recreational, educational, scientific, and cultural activities, thanks to its landscapes and biodiversity (2). However, the Ventanilla Wetlands face several challenges due to urban growth, water pollution, waste, traffic and plane overflights from the National Police and Navy, leading to a decline in bird populations due to noise exposure (5).
This area is fed by the hydrological system of the Chillón River, by surface waters from the Sedapal oxidation ponds, and by water seepage from nearby human settlements and populations adjacent to the wetland. The Ventanilla Wetlands are also influenced by the marine system, especially in the northwest zone. This gives the ACR area lagoon-like characteristics, meaning that its waters are slightly brackish despite being separated from the sea. The internal hydrological system supports the growth of species such as cattails, bulrushes, and reeds. In total, there are 27 native plant species, which serve the function of filtering and purifying the wetland's water. Additionally, the flora provides protection and food for various fauna species, particularly birds, with 126 species recorded, including resident and migratory birds from the Andes, local areas, and the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Moreover, this protected natural area is home to five reptile species, including endemic species from Lima that are endangered (3).

The beach of Vétiver, located in the municipality of Case-Pilote, is one of the most important nesting sites for the critically endangered hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) in Martinique. It is also a nesting ground for the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas), another endangered species. As one of the last minimally urbanized beaches in the North Caribbean of Martinique, the site plays a vital role in the conservation of these species. In addition, fishing restrictions in the area significantly reduce the risk of turtle mortality caused by accidental capture in fishing gear, which is the leading cause of human-related sea turtle deaths in the Antilles.
However, the site faces several stressors that hinder successful nesting. The surrounding vegetation is severely degraded due to invasive alien species, and much of the shrub and tree cover has disappeared from the backshore, where turtles prefer to nest. Without adequate vegetation, hatchlings are left exposed to the heat. Additionally, the beach is frequently disturbed by local residents and visitors for recreational activities. With no designated parking area, cars often park directly on the beach, compacting the soil and further limiting the chances for vegetation to recover or turtles to dig nests. This compaction forces turtles to lay their eggs closer to the shoreline, increasing the risk of nests being washed away by heavy swells.
In 2022, the non-profit organization "Asso-mer" and its partners launched the Véti’Vert project on a previously neglected public green space. Through environmental restoration efforts, they created a nesting enclosure on the backshore to mitigate these stressors and improve the conditions for sea turtle nesting. The project also engaged with local residents to increase the chances of success (Refs 1-3).

"Urban Natural Area Ciric" is an initiative aimed at designating the forest and lakes of the Ciric area, located on the outskirts of the city of Iași, as an Urban Natural Area. To achieve this goal, the initiating organizations—NGO Civica and the Ornithological Association of Iași (SOR)—have developed a comprehensive report focused on the Ciric natural area, which monitors species and habitats while identifying pressure points on biodiversity and necessary conservation actions, as well as the benefits these areas provide.
In the Ciric area, various flora and fauna species have been identified, with some holding high protection status (14 bird species) or being of community importance and conservation interest. However, this ecological richness faces threats, as factors such as rapid urbanization, water pollution, and waste disposal have been identified as significant risks to the ecosystems.
In response to these challenges, the NGO aims to collaborate with the municipality to create protective municipal laws that will not only recognize the area as an Urban Natural Area but also ensure its inclusion in development plans. This partnership seeks to establish regulatory measures and strategies that will safeguard and enhance the biodiversity and ecosystems of Ciric. Additionally, the organizations have highlighted the social and physical benefits of the area for residents, including flood regulation and prevention, pest control, provision of clean air, and recreational and scientific opportunities.
To further raise support and awareness for their efforts, SOR and Civica conduct guided tours, educational workshops, and photographic exhibitions. They have also set up two informational panels in the area that highlight the biodiversity of Ciric. Furthermore, the two NGOs have partnered with regional organizations to create the "Rețeaua națională de arii naturale urbane" (The National Network of Urban Natural Areas) and have received funding from the EEA Grants. (1-8)

The riparian forest of Montgérald, through which the “Monsieur” River flows, is located within Fort-de-France and boasts rich biodiversity, featuring around 100 species of shrubs and trees and about 30 animal species, including 16 types of birds. It is one of the last remnants of the mesophilic forest type and the only example in a French peri-urban setting. This unique ecosystem is recognized as a Natural Area of Ecological, Faunal, and Floral Interest (ZNIEFF) and a Classified Wooded Area (EBC), underscoring the need for conservation efforts.
Covering nearly 21 hectares, this site offers ecological benefits like air quality improvement and temperature regulation, providing a "fresh air island" near the city center. However, it faces significant challenges, including flooding caused by climate change and heavy rains, which exacerbate erosion along the Monsieur River. The area is also threatened by invasive alien species, making conservation measures even more crucial.
Since 2015, the municipality of Fort-de-France, along with project partners, has been working on developing this natural space for both conservation and public engagement purposes. The most recent actions occurred in 2020, including riverbank restoration, clearing invasive species, and creating walking paths and educational installations. Additionally, the project features an awareness campaign targeting local schools. The ongoing initiative aims to merge biodiversity conservation with community recreational use and environmental education, ensuring the resilience of this vital ecosystem against the impacts of climate change. (Refs. 1, 2, 3)

The Metropolitan Linear Park is a project initiated by the national government of Bolivia, funded by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) (1-8). The proposed park will be located along a disused railway corridor between the cities of La Paz and El Alto, spanning 18.2 km (8, p. 8). The project involves the construction of a linear park, divided into five sections, each with distinct objectives, uses, and designs (8, p. 9). This large-scale initiative aims to improve access to public spaces in La Paz and El Alto, enhance connectivity between the two cities, protect surrounding biodiversity and natural spaces, and strengthen resilience to and mitigate the effects of climate change (3 & 8, pp. 11-12).
To achieve these goals, the project design includes outdoor sports and recreational facilities, pedestrian and cycling circuits, as well as the restoration of parks, squares, and public spaces adjacent to the park corridor (8, p. 9). Some features include balcony corridors, flower and food-producing urban gardens, and viewpoints (5). The project also plans for the re-vegetation of the area with native species and aims to stop the environmental degradation of surrounding natural environments, such as the Pura Pura forest, which has been suffering from ongoing deforestation and waste dumping (8, p. 9). These efforts are expected to increase and support biodiversity in the area (7 & 8, p. 12).
Additionally, the project emphasizes social inclusion, with policies designed to incorporate women, indigenous populations, and persons with disabilities (8, pp. 7-8). The park is intended to raise awareness about climate change and biodiversity, ultimately improving the quality of life and health of nearby residents and the citizens of La Paz and El Alto (8, p. 13).

The Pantanos de Villa Wildlife Refuge is a natural oasis in the heart of Lima. It is considered a marsh of international Ramsar importance, as it is home to a large number of species of flora and fauna. It includes 5 bodies of water with about 210 species of birds, 13 species of fish, and 5 species of amphibians and reptiles, among others (1). It was created in 2006, by Supreme Decree N°055-2006-AG, which established the definitive category for the Pantanos de Villa, under the name of The Pantanos de Villa Wildlife Refuge (2). This protected area was established over an area of 263.27 ha, and its main goal is to conserve a representative sample of the Marshes of the Subtropical Pacific Desert, including important plant communities, as well as migratory and resident avifauna, focusing mainly on species with some degree of threat (1, 2, 6).
In 2016, a Master Plan was approved aimed at strengthening the conservation of the biological diversity of this coastal marsh and ensuring conditions to promote inter-institutional cooperation and participatory management, including neighbours, authorities, municipalities and interested institutions (2).
This Master Plan establishes environmental, economic and cultural indicators defined to be met over 5 years. These are focused on protecting water resources, conserving migratory and resident bird species, ensuring the conservation of the cattail, promoting tourism and recreational activities, fostering environmental awareness activities and engaging citizens in the management of the Refuge (2)
This plan seeks to confront a series of threats that endanger the conservation of this ecosystem. Among the main problems are the illegal extraction of natural resources, such as cattail; the improper use of the space for activities such as bonfires, consumption of illicit substances and pet walks; the change in land use due to urban expansion; pollution from effluent discharges and solid waste disposal; and illegal fishing (2)

North Bull Island is a national nature reserve located in Dublin Bay on the north side of Dublin. Supporting both local and migratory wildlife, the area holds several nature conservation designations. It is designated as a special amenity area for its aesthetic and recreational value and forms an integral part of the Dublin Bay Biosphere. The Island, with its 5 km beach located within the capital city and close to the city center, serves as a unique and important public amenity. (1)
The Island is estimated to attract up to 1.4 million visitors annually, including walkers, swimmers, beachgoers, birdwatchers, nature enthusiasts, kite-surfers, and various other interest groups from the local area. Additionally, it is a popular destination for schools, universities, and visitors from Ireland and abroad who come to experience accessible examples of ecological succession across nationally and internationally significant habitats, and to learn about the intricate stories that make North Bull Island Nature Reserve central to a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and part of a global network of Biosphere Reserves. (1)
The Island and Nature Reserve are managed by the Parks, Biodiversity, and Landscape Services of Dublin City Council in collaboration with the National Parks and Wildlife Service. Dublin City Council has prepared an Action Plan for North Bull Island for 2020-2025 to implement the objectives of the North Bull Island Management Plan 2020. The North Bull Island Oversight Forum, which represents a range of stakeholders, monitors the action plan’s implementation (2). The goal is to conserve the island's environmental qualities and scientific significance while balancing its recreational and amenity value for the benefit of the local community and visitors (8).

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, Kunming’s urban planning faced major challenges, including fragmented development, environmental degradation, and limited green spaces (Ref 1). In response, the municipal government launched a series of strategic plans aimed at promoting high-quality urban development and environmental restoration.
Baisha Lake was identified as a key area in these strategies, with plans for Baisha Lake Park first highlighted in 2017 (Ref 2) and reaffirmed in the "Opinions on Supporting High-Quality Development in Kunming" in 2021 (Ref 2). To implement parts of this broader strategy, the government entered into public-private partnerships. In 2018, land development rights for parts of East Baisha Lake were granted to Dahua Group, on the condition that 40% of the area be reserved as green space and that ecological restoration efforts be undertaken (Ref 3, 4).
The Eastside Baisha Lake Park project, launched by Dahua Group in February 2023 (Ref 3, 5), is thus one component of this larger government-led urban renewal effort. The project follows the city's planning framework of “one lake, six zones, 46 scenic nodes” and includes 55 hectares of green space, with 40% designated as parkland. By the end of 2023, 6.5 hectares had been completed, and the south bank of the park opened to the public in September 2023 (Ref 3, 6).
The broader East Baisha Lake area's development was originally planned by the state-owned Kunming Urban Construction Company, but land rights were later transferred to Dahua Group. Thus, while a private developer is leading the construction, the project remains a part of Kunming’s publicly driven strategy to restore the lake and enhance urban livability.

In September 2018, a new didactic itinerary on invasive alien species was inaugurated in Cagliari's botanic garden. The initiative has been initiated in order to raise awareness and share important legislative and scientific knowledge on the matter (Refs. 1, 2 & 3). It has been curated by Life ASAP, which is an EU co-funded project focused on targeting the introduction of animal and vegetal alien species in Italian territory (Refs. 4 & 5). The initiative in the botanic garden focuses on a 13-pannels pathway through the garden, which will guide visitors towards the discovery of the issue of the introduction of alien invasive species on the territory. The goal is to attract the population's attention to the topic through a sensorial and interactive experience. In fact, the panels are easy to understand, colorful, and accompanied by explanatory images and bas reliefs. Children and youngsters can also participate in a laboratory called "the alien's identikit," according to which they have to recognize the newly learned alien species around the garden (Refs. 1, 2 & 3). This Path represents the first (and only) permanent space dedicated to biological invasion processes and invasive alien species in the network of Italian Botanical Gardens. (Ref.2).
Therefore, the project, in collaboration with the University of Cagliari, promotes education for all ages on the risks and consequences of such an underestimated problem and aims to educate citizens on how their actions can prevent the phenomenon from spreading further (Refs. 1, 2 & 3).