1. General information
Location and description of the intervention
City or FUA
Curridabat
Region
Latin America and the Caribbean
Native title of the NBS intervention
Ciudad Dulce: Un modelo de ciudad inspirado en la polinización
Short description of the intervention
In 2015 an innovative project called the "Sweet City" (Ciudad Dulce) was launched in Curridabat. Its main goal was to bring wild spaces into 21 urban neighbourhoods of Curridabat ("spaces of sweetness") and eight corridors ("transitions") and thus linking neighbourhoods and parks through a participatory re-design approach with local stakeholders [3]. The main objective of the Sweet City model is to reintroduce biodiversity into the urban space by focusing on five fundamental dimensions: Biodiversity, Infrastructure, Habitat, Co-existence and Productivity. The interventions of this project included park improvements, sustainable drainage systems, the protection of wetlands, spring water recovery, promoting organic farming practices, and many strategies that help improve biodiversity and motivate citizen participation, finally, as ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction measures and climate change adaptation actions [1].
Address

Vía 215, Calle 093, Curridabat, San José, Costa Rica, 11803
Curridabat
11803
Costa Rica

Total area
15950000.00m²
NBS area
15950000.00m²
Type of area before implementation of the NBS
Timeline of intervention
Start date of the intervention (planning process)
2015
Start date of intervention (implementation process)
2015
End date of the intervention
ongoing
Present stage of the intervention
Goals of the intervention
-Restore biodiversity and build a resilient city by recovering public and private urban spaces in disuse to create green corridors, community parks, inclusive streets for recreation, and improve the health and well-being of residents, pollinators, and other citizens (flora and fauna) who actively coexist within the urban space [7].
-Enhance wetlands to improve biodiversity and minimize flood risk [7].
-Recovering soil health as a climate change mitigation approach by promoting biodiverse vegetation and organic farming practices [7].
-Improve water management to address climate change mitigation, through the implementation of sustainable drainage systems, riverfront parks, and spring water recovery systems [7].
-Improve carbon sequestration and reduce the urban heat island effect across Curridabat through forestry cover within local parks and riverside forests [7].


Quantitative targets
-To enhance the well-being of 28,813 people, citizens of Curridabat.
-To create and revitalizes 63 new and existing parks in 21 city neighbourhoods.
Monitoring indicators defined
Spaces of Sweetness and Transitions [1]
-# Planned neighbourhoods (sweet spaces)
-# corridors (Transitions)
-# benefited citizens
-# participatory workshops
-# hours in workshops with the community
-# number of workshop attendees
-# linear meters of inclusive streets
-# m² of civil facilities
-# renewed parks/# m²
-# m² planned and regenerated public space
- % of people visiting parks
- # species (pollinators) and tree species documented- Wildlife Inventory by iNaturalist [4]
Climate change adaptation: What were the goals of the NBS?
Climate change mitigation: What were the goals of the NBS?
Habitats and biodiversity conservation: What types of conservation goals are / were defined for the NBS intervention?
What types of restoration goals are / were defined for the NBS intervention?
What activities are implemented to realize the restoration goals and targets?
Implementation activities
-Developing a climate-resilient and mitigation by establishing different types of green infrastructure (sustainable drainage systems, riverfront parks, spring water recovery, wetlands, reforestation to improve the carbon sequestration and air quality), as ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction measures for issues such as flooding, landslides and storms [7].
-Developing efforts to incorporate rational soil (Urban organic community gardening-promoting biodiverse vegetation) use as an in climate regulation and climate change mitigation strategy ( reduction of flooding, prevention of erosion).
Also, the project included corridors such as shared streets, green walkways, and revitalization of 63 new and existing parks, and the development of old industrial sites to improve and create ecological connectivity for biodiversity by increasing the number and variety of pollinators and provide them better conditions to carry out their work.
Finally, Sweet City enhances the quality of life of Curridabat’s community by encouraging local capacity building, promoting social interaction, improving the physical and mental health of residents, and raising environmental awareness among citizens [1,2,7].
NBS domain and interventions
Ecological domain(s) where the NBS intervention(s) is/are implemented
Blue infrastructure
Rivers/streams/canals/estuaries
In-land wetlands, peatlands, swamps, and moors
Community gardens and allotments
Community gardens
Green areas for water management
Sustainable urban drainage systems
Grey infrastructure featuring greens
Alley or street trees and other street vegetation
Riverbank/Lakeside greens
Parks and urban forests
Large urban parks or forests
Green corridors and green belts
Please specify the number of plots or allotment gardens
The city has built almost 5,000 linear feet of gardens [7].
What is the level of innovation / development of the NBS related to water management?
Vegetation Type
Please specify how many trees were planted
2,364 individual trees were inventoried in 2017 [7]
Amenities offered by the NBS
Services
Expected ecosystem services delivered
Provisioning services
Food for human consumption (crops, vegetables)
Regulating services
Local climate regulation (temperature reduction)
Air quality regulation
Carbon storage/sequestration
Flood regulation
Pollination
Habitat and supporting services
Habitats for species
Cultural services
Recreation
Mental and physical health and wellbeing
Social and community interactions
Scale
Spatial scale
Meso-scale: Regional, metropolitan and urban level
Beneficiaries
Governance
Non-government actors
Non-governmental organisation (NGO) / Civil society / Churches
Private sector/Corporate/Business
Researchers, university
Citizens or community groups
Please specify the roles of the specific government and non-government actor groups involved in the initiative
The Municipality of Curribad leads the project with technical support from the private sector and in alliance with civil society, private firms, not-for-profit organizations, and city residents/resident associations. The Municipality and consultancy firms, create a series of master plans for climate change mitigation and adaptation, among other projects and engage stakeholders to improve data use. The city has also developed data partnerships with academia to collect and analyze data [1,2]
Key actors - Other stakeholders involved (besides initiating actors)
Regional government
Local government/municipality
Non-government organisation/civil society
Citizens or community group
Researchers/university
Private sector/corporate actor/company
Policy drivers
NBS intervention implemented in response to an Regional Directive/Strategy
No
NBS intervention implemented in response to a national regulations/strategy/plan
Unknown
NBS intervention implemented in response to a local regulation/strategy/plan
Yes
Please specify the "local regulation/strategy/plan"
“The Sweet City vision was launched in 2015; in 2016, Sweet City became a public policy and established for city-wide implementation in the Strategic Municipal Plan (SMP) 2018-202” [5].
Mandatory or voluntary intervention
Unknown
Enablers
Presence of specific city-level GI/NBS vision/strategy/plan - mentioned in connection to the project
Yes
Please specify
“The Sweet City vision was launched in 2015; in 2016, Sweet City became a public policy and established for city-wide implementation in the Strategic Municipal Plan (SMP) 2018-202” [5].
Presence of specific city-level GI/NBS section/part in a more general plan - mentioned in connection to the project
Unknown
If there is a relevant strategy or plan, please specify the theme / type of the plan.
Presence of city network or regional partnerships focused on NBS - mentioned in connection to the project
Yes
Please specify
"Curridabat has won numerous awards for its sustainability and planning efforts including the Best City Plan award from the U.S. nonprofit Congress for the New Urbanism (CNU) in 2014. In 2016, the United Nations-Habitat project awarded Curridabat for it Sweet City vision program and later that year the city also received the Guangzhou International Award for Urban Innovation. Curridabat was also given the Citizen Participation Prize from Le Monde for its Walkway Project, which used an app to obtain data on how wheelchair-users use Curridabat’s sidewalks. This experiment influenced the City Council to designate an additional $1M (5% of the annual budget) towards walkability development for the city."[7,2]
Presence of GI / NBS research project - mentioned in connection to the project
Yes
Please specify
Sweet City developed data partnerships with academia to collect and analyze data [1,2]
Subsidies/investment for GI / NBS in the city - mentioned in connection to the project
Unknown
Co-finance for NBS
Unknown
Co-financing governance arrangements
Unknown
Co-governance arrangement
Was this co-governance arrangement already in place, or was it set up specifically for this NBS?
Financing
What is/was the Cost/Budget (EUR) of the NBS or green infrastructure elements?
The total cost of the project was $65,000,000 - 55,033,231.04 Euros (1 USD = 0.846647 EUR) [7]
What are the total amount of expected annual maintenance costs?
Unknown
What is the expected annual maintenance costs of the NBS or GI elements?
Unknown
Please specify cost savings
Unknown
Please specify total cost (EUR)
The total cost of the project was $65,000,000 - 55,033,231.04 Euros (1 USD = 0.846647 EUR) [7]
Source(s) of funding
Please specify other source of funding
CNU Charter Award in 2014 (https://www.cnu.org/cnu18) [7]
Type of fund(s) used
Please specify other type of fund used
Award [7]
Non-financial contribution
No
Business models
Which of the involved actors was motivated by this model?
Please specify technological innovation
Spaces of Sweetness project promotes a participatory neighbourhood design process that renovates and protects green infrastructure (sustainable drainage systems, riverfront parks, spring water recovery). One of the actions achieved in this project includes the park was remodelled, providing universal access, new walking trails, drainage systems, bridges and general park furniture and has planned to restore the relationship between the city and its creeks and rivers. Additionally, The Sweet City initiative also built corridors and bio corridors linking parks and forests particularly for pollinators that brings great benefits for biodiversity and using green infrastructure to become a “sponge city” that captures, holds, and reuses the water for vegetation [7].
Please specify social innovation
Spaces of Sweetness project promotes a participatory neighbourhood design process that renovates infrastructure in the city’s most impoverished neighbourhoods to ensure their harmonious cohabitation with nature prioritizing the investment in green infrastructure (sustainable drainage systems, riverfront parks, spring water recovery).
The Sweet City initiative has created community events where residents plant flowers and trees native to Curridabat, and even some exotic plants. Citizens, businesses, and institutions are provided with the Sweet City Greenery Guide, a document detailing what and how to plant. Curridabat also prioritized a number of initiatives, such as hosting integrated community events to educate children, elderly residents and all within on the region’s native plants and flowers. The Sweet City seeks for participatory design methodologies to engage local citizens in the projects implemented. On the other hand, The Sweet Project initiative become a public policy and officially political parties embraced the Sweet City vision through its Strategic Municipal Plan (SMP) due to the work of all those involved, such as local The Municipality, its Innovation Team, residents, consulting firms, private and civil society partnerships, among others [1,7].
Please specify novelty level of the innovation
It is a pilot project [7]
Replicability/Transferability
Please specify Replicability/Transferability
The Sweet City initiative has been an example of urban sustainable development, however no information was found on plans of replicability/transferability. August 8,2021
Impacts, benefits
Description of environmental benefits
-The Municipality has already constructed 1,560 linear meters and 2,810 square meters of sidewalks. In addition, every pedestrian space includes a designated area for plants. This is an effort to prevent or mitigate heat islands within the city [7].
-2,364 individual trees were inventoried, and Curridabat's current carbon stock was calculated at approximately 295,602.17 tons [7].
- "Approximately 12,490 plants were added to the park, including 118 trees belonging to 30 different species, and 12,375 pollinator-friendly plants and herbs belonging to 15 different species" [7].
- The project achieved a reduction of flooding through wetland restoration [7]
- Curitiba focused its efforts to incorporate rational soil use as a climate change mitigation strategy by promoting organic farming practices, recovery riverbeds, avoid soil waterproofing by promoting biodiverse vegetation, recovering organic waste, retaining existing soil, re-incorporating eroded soil as a vital local resource, and rethinking land uses within urban planning [7].
-Sweet City completed an inventory of ornamental plants used in 2017. According to data collected, locally, the existence of domestic gardens and community parks significantly increases the biodiversity of a neighbourhood. It also promotes the introduction of natives plants into the urban space to take advantage of ecosystem services like sustenance for pollinators such as native bees, butterflies, hummingbirds and bats [7].
-Inventories of pollinators have documented 51 species of butterflies belonging to 6 families, 41 subfamilies and 41 genera; 13 morphospecies of bees in 8 different taxa, which are under further revision to achieve a definitive identification; and three species of hummingbirds [7].
Economic impacts
Description of economic benefits
Unknown
Description of social and cultural benefits
Sweet City improved the experience of its inhabitants by providing them spaces for recreation and social interaction, such as organic vegetable gardens and community parks, where citizens of Curridabat can enjoy an attractive city with green spaces to become more connected with nature. The project also enhanced the quality of life of its citizens through diverse landscapes to have natural resources such as medicines, food, clean air and water quality, space for recreational activities and psychological well-being, improving mental and physical health. Through the project, Citizens were motivated to participate in workshops to help with the Sweet City master plan. Over 7,700 citizens attended 400+ hours of participatory design workshops spread throughout 21 neighbourhoods in Curridabat. Finally, habitants also participated in the implementation by helping with landscaping, painting murals, and mapping biodiversity and green infrastructure[5,7].
Type of reported impacts
Indicators
-Forest inventory for carbon storage and sequestration, determining the tons of CO2 / ha present [7].
-# participatory workshops
-# m² planned and regenerated public space
-# species (pollinators) and tree species documented- Wildlife Inventory by iNaturalist [4]
Analysis of specific impact categories
Job creation: The NBS created ...
Environmental justice: The implementation of the NBS project resulted in ...
Negative impacts: Did the project cause any problems or concerns?
No information was found regarding negative impacts of the project
COVID-19 pandemic
"As Curridabat first became impacted by COVID-19, access to public spaces had to be restricted and their role reevaluated. Some Sweet City projects, such as Sweet Classroom, became virtual to try to maintain the connection with the community. But internet accessibility still needs to be increased to ensure that all citizens can benefit from these initiatives. Despite all of its negative impacts, the pandemic revealed the importance of being connected to nature" [6] (September 08, 2021)
Methods of impact monitoring
Evidence for use of assessment
Presence of an assessment, evaluation and/or monitoring process
Yes
Presence of indicators used in reporting
Yes
Presence of monitoring/evaluation reports
Yes
Availability of a web-based monitoring tool
Yes
Impact assessment mechanism
Name of any specific impact assessment tools
-inaturalist is an app that collects the records of the biodiversity present in Curridabat (Sweet City) [7]
Use of GIS in mapping impacts
Yes
Citizen involvement
Citizens involvement in assessment/evaluation
Yes
Mode(s) of citizen involvement in evaluation/assessment
Citizens involvement in the analysis of the assessment/evaluation
Yes
Please specify
Through the program class: training the training aims to train local citizens to be Sweet City trainers. The participants will be in charge of developing educational projects that promote positive and transformative experiences on a Sweet City-based approach. Participants will be exposed to a varied curriculum, including aspects such as urban planning, urban economy, mobility, productive landscapes (including urban gardens, waste management, water sensitive management), ecology and conservation, environmental health and risk prevention, conscious living (quality relationships, self-knowledge, mindful eating) and others, always taking into account local ecological, socio-political, psychological and cultural factors [7].
Follow-up to the evaluation / assessment
Unknown
References
List of references
1. Arquitectos, T., 2021. Ciudad Dulce. [online] Issuu. Available at: https://issuu.com/arquitectostandem/docs/libro_cd_20180420_low [Accessed 7 September 2021].
2. CNU. 2021. Sweet City: Defeating the City-Nature Antagonism — #thisisCNU. [online] Available at: https://www.cnu.org/what-we-do/build-great-places/sweet-city-defeating-city-nature-antagonism [Accessed 7 September 2021].
3. Geocatie.maps.arcgis. 2021. Story Map Journal. [online] Available at:https://geocatie.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=d30d38c95435464ba555363cc9f0febf [Accessed 7 September 2021].
4. iNaturalist. 2021. Ciudad Dulce. [online] Available at:https://www.inaturalist.org/projects/ciudad-dulce [Accessed 7 September 2021].
5. NewCities. 2021. Curridabat, Costa Rica - NewCities. [online] Available at: https://newcities.org/2020-wellbeing-cities-award-curridabat-costa-rica/ [Accessed 7 September 2021].
6. Pepinieres-urbaines. 2021. Students workshop - University of Geneva : 'URBAN FUTURES' Co-designing the city - pepinieres-urbaines.[online] Available at:https://pepinieres-urbaines.org/en/ressources/students-workshop-university-geneva-urban-futures-co-designing-city/ [Accessed 7 September 2021].
7. Sweet City Magazine.2021. Curridabat: Sweet City A city modelling approach based pollination. [online] Available at: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5bbd32d6e66669016a6af7e2/t/5c757759e2c4835d3cbc174f/1551202139913/Curridabat_Sweet%20_City_Magazine.pdf
Comments and notes
Public Images
Image
Example of master-planned neighbourhood_Source-Tandem Arquitectos
Example of master-planned neighbourhood_Source-Tandem Arquitectos
Source: https://www.demagazine.co.uk/2019/08/27/why-curridabat-is-the-sweetest-city-in-the-world/
Image
Renewed Park
Parks in Curridabat, Costa Rica
Source: https://www.demagazine.co.uk/2019/08/27/why-curridabat-is-the-sweetest-city-in-the-world/
Image
Map of Curridabat_Source-Tandem Arquitectos
Map of Curridabat_Source-Tandem Arquitectos
Source: https://www.demagazine.co.uk/2019/08/27/why-curridabat-is-the-sweetest-city-in-the-world/
Image
1 of the 21 neighborhoods with intervention proposals/City building strategy
1 of the 21 neighborhoods with intervention proposals
Source: https://www.holcimfoundation.org/projects/socio-spatial-governmentality
Image
 Municipality of Curridabat
Municipality of Curridabat
Source: https://www.urbanet.info/costa-rica-curridabat-the-sweet-city-vision/
Image
Bee hotel protected against birds using wire mesh - Image Credit: Anterovium via Envato Elements
Bee hotel protected against birds using wire mesh
Source: https://blog.teesforbees.com/curridabats-pollinator-citizens/
Image
An example of a Pollinator Corridor in Curridabat - Image Source: Municipality of Curridabat
An example of a Pollinator Corridor in Curridabat
Source:https://blog.teesforbees.com/curridabats-pollinator-citizens/