Poor community engagement

The first medicinal plant library in Martinique was created by the Ypiranga Martinique association, which inaugurated the project in 2019. The initiative was developed to preserve and revitalize traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in Martinique, integrating agroecology , modern scientific understanding, and ancestral practices.
The project is located on land provided by the municipality in the Tivoli neighborhood, and it serves as an educational resource, a functional pharmacy, and includes a small shared vegetables garden. Visitors, local residents, and researchers can access information on over 150 native Caribbean plants and their medicinal properties. The site includes two educational trails: one following the river that crosses the garden and a sensory trail designed to help visitors "reconnect with nature." Each plant is identified with information boards detailing its medicinal uses, including whether these uses are scientifically validated.
The project also aims to address social exclusion by offering reintegration workshops to troubled teenagers and the unemployed.
The project was financed through a combination of sources: an EU-funded call for projects, a crowdfunding campaign, and regional and national public subsidies.
As a result of its success, in 2021 the initiative was formally replicated with the support of the Caribbean Interreg "OSAIN" project, which led to the creation of 14 additional plant libraries in schools and public spaces. Volunteers and community-based efforts continue to sustain the project, and it has become a model for similar initiatives. (Ref. 1,2,4,5,6,7)

The Bela Flor Respira (BFR) project, also known as "ComBOA", is an urban agroecology initiative located in the Campolide neighbourhood of Lisbon, Portugal. This project exemplifies a transformative approach to community development and environmental sustainability by repurposing a neglected urban space into an agroforest. Launched in 2018 by the NGO Circular Economy Portugal, BFR engages local residents of the neighbourhood, from children to the elderly, volunteers, and academic partners, in creating a regenerative space that combines food production with social interaction (Ref 1). The project emphasises the co-production of public policies, fostering social cohesion through collective intelligence and civil society entrepreneurship (Ref 1). BFR’s innovative approach integrates syntropic agriculture, blending fruit trees, vegetables, and native species to create a resilient ecosystem that supports both the environment and the community. Through this initiative, BFR not only enhances urban green spaces but also strengthens community bonds, making it a model of sustainable urban development (Ref 3).

St. Anne's Urban Farm and Ecology Center, nestled within Dublin’s historic St. Anne’s Park and surrounded by the suburban neighborhoods of Dublin 3 and 5, is a unique not-for-profit initiative dedicated to community engagement, environmental awareness, and sustainable urban agriculture. Established in 2019, this farm is the first urban farm within Dublin City Council’s boundaries and aims to reach even more people, believing that every child and adult should have access to a garden space and that everyone in the garden is equal.
Run by a team of over 20 dedicated community volunteers, the farm provides hands-on educational experiences for visitors of all ages and a safe, open space for sharing knowledge and learning from others. Featuring traditional Irish farm animals, such as heritage breeds of chickens, pigs, and goats, alongside native plants grown from heirloom seeds, the farm preserves Ireland’s agricultural heritage while promoting biodiversity and sustainable practices.
With a goal of becoming 75% self-sustaining, the farm is working toward off-grid solutions through solar power and eco-friendly techniques. St. Anne’s Urban Farm empowers local residents with its community allotments and self-management model, which foster greater control and pride in maintaining the shared space. Aligned with Dublin’s Climate Change Action Plan, the farm aspires to improve the quality of life within the city by promoting healthy neighborhoods and sustainable communities. Through this green space, St. Anne’s Urban Farm encourages social and environmental engagement, aiming to ensure that gardens and green spaces remain accessible, welcoming, and educational for generations to come. The initiative is supported by a €50,000 donation from Google and is designed to serve as a community resource rather than a traditional petting farm.
(1-6)

Project Roots is a community-based nonprofit organization dedicated to fostering sustainable living and enhancing food security in South Phoenix, Arizona. Founded in 2020 in response to rising food insecurity—an issue impacting one in seven Arizonans—Project Roots aims to provide lasting solutions through community education, accessible fresh produce, and supportive services for vulnerable populations.
Central to Project Roots’ mission is its work in community gardening. The organization manages and maintains several community gardens, including 20 reserved rows at the Spaces of Opportunity Garden, where individuals and families can cultivate their own produce. Through these gardening spaces, Project Roots empowers community members to grow their own food, promoting self-sufficiency and healthier food choices.
Education is a cornerstone of Project Roots' outreach. The organization offers hands-on gardening classes, workshops, and educational resources that teach sustainable food production practices. A significant part of this educational effort focuses on South Phoenix's youth, helping them understand where their food comes from and how to grow it, fostering both awareness and skills that encourage lifelong healthy habits.
Project Roots also works to ensure that fresh, locally grown produce reaches the wider community. By distributing produce through farmers' markets, produce bags, and partnerships with local food banks and soup kitchens, Project Roots provides a consistent source of nutritious food to those who need it most. The produce bags, often delivered to community centers and low-income housing areas in Phoenix, help bridge the gap for those with limited access to fresh food.
In addition to its food-centered programs, Project Roots extends its support to include essential services such as food assistance, hygiene items, and temporary shelter, making it a vital resource for individuals and families experiencing hardship. (1-5, 8-14)

The "Urban Farms in Gdańsk" project, launched in 2018, is an innovative educational initiative spearheaded by the Gdański Zarząd Dróg i Zieleni, Fundacja Gdańska, and dedicated volunteers. This project aims to inspire Gdańsk residents to cultivate herbs in their home gardens and balconies while emphasizing the importance of preserving urban greenery. The initiative not only promotes sustainable living but also fosters a deeper connection between the community and its natural surroundings.
As part of the project, two locations in Gdańsk—Grobla IV and Za Murami streets—feature 27 carefully designed planter boxes. Each box contains a thoughtfully curated selection of herbs, including culinary basil, lovage, olive herb, and dill, among others. These fragrant plants not only serve a practical purpose but also delight the senses and enhance the urban landscape. In total, 27 pots measuring 60x80 cm and 50 cm high were set up, with each labeled to describe its specific composition and plant varieties.
Approximately 500 plants were cultivated as part of this effort, showcasing a harmonious blend of practicality, education, and aesthetics. The herb gardens thrive from spring through late autumn, offering an ongoing visual and sensory experience. They serve as a testament to the potential of urban spaces to support greenery, community engagement, and ecological awareness.
This initiative also underscores the importance of individual contributions to urban green spaces. By growing herbs, residents not only enhance their own surroundings but also play an active role in maintaining the city's ecological balance. The "Urban Farms in Gdańsk" project demonstrates how urban agriculture can merge utility and beauty, creating vibrant spaces that benefit both people and the environment. (1-3)

The Upper Detroit Riverfront Habitat and Parks Restoration Project aims to restore and enhance vital fish and wildlife habitats along the Detroit River. This initiative seeks to rehabilitate approximately 30 acres of upland and shoreline habitats within Riverfront-Lakewood East Park, A.B. Ford Park, and Mariners Park (all located alongside the river), covering nearly one mile of the Detroit River and its shorelines.
Key outcomes include improving approximately 1,000 linear feet of existing shoreline along the Detroit River by incorporating native wetland edges and fish spawning shelves into the restoration efforts. The project also plans to enhance around 2,000 linear feet of canal shoreline and 800 linear feet along Fox Creek to create or improve habitats for fish and herpetological species. In Riverfront-Lakewood East Park, 28 acres are targeted for the establishment or enhancement of native vegetation to support birds, mammals, and pollinators. If feasible, the creation of about 7 acres of wetlands, along with shallow and deep-water habitats, is also part of the vision.
The project is guided by the City of Detroit's 2017 Parks and Recreation Improvement Plan and represents part of a broader strategy to revitalize the city’s green spaces after years of underfunding. With renewed commitment, the city has allocated nearly $12 million to enhance neighborhood parks, particularly in areas that have lacked investment over the past decade.
However, the project was temporarily halted in 2020 due to high water levels causing flooding in the adjacent neighborhood. As of 2024, it remains on hold while the City of Detroit conducts a flood mitigation study. Despite this delay, the project remains a critical step toward fostering community stewardship and creating sustainable green spaces that improve the quality of life for all Detroit residents.
(Ref. 1, 4, 5)

The Lower Salt River Restoration Project (LSRRP) is a riparian restoration initiative located along the Lower Salt River within the Mesa Ranger District of the Tonto National Forest. This collaborative project seeks to restore a section of the Lower Salt River Recreation Area that was severely impacted by the 2017 Cactus Fire. The Cactus Fire was a significant wildfire that caused extensive damage to vegetation and habitat in the area, highlighting the need for targeted restoration efforts to rebuild the ecosystem and mitigate future fire risks.
The LSRRP’s primary activities focus on removing invasive tamarisk trees, which are highly flammable and contribute to the intensity of wildfires, and planting native seedlings to reestablish local flora. By removing tamarisk trees, the project aims to create a landscape that is more resistant to fire, reducing the wildfire risk for the region. Additionally, the project supports the abundance and diversity of native plant species by removing invasive plants and planting thousands of native riparian tree species.
The restoration efforts also aim to enhance the riparian habitat by expanding two critical vegetation communities—the mesquite bosque and the cottonwood-willow gallery forest. These communities support rich biodiversity and offer essential habitats for local wildlife.
Beyond ecological restoration, the project emphasizes community involvement and awareness. It provides opportunities for the local community to participate in the project through environmental education events for K-12 students and ongoing volunteer involvement in monitoring and maintaining restored areas.
Overall, the Lower Salt River Restoration Project is a proactive effort to protect and revitalize the Lower Salt River Recreation Area, enhancing its ecological resilience and engaging the community in long-term conservation. (2-4, 6, 8, 11)

In Peru, there is a significant gap in the coverage of public spaces for social interaction, environmental awareness, and cultural expression in urban areas, reaching 23.10% (3). To address this issue and commemorate the 200th anniversary of Peru's independence, the national project "Proyecto Especial Bicentenario" (Special Bicentenary Project) was launched. As part of this project, 26 Cultural and Ecological Parks are being developed throughout the country (2, 5). This initiative aims to strengthen the role of municipalities in sustainable urban planning, prioritising the well-being of citizens and promoting citizen participation (1, 3).
These parks combine ecological elements with cultural infrastructure, fostering a connection between people and nature and their Peruvian identity (5). By offering recreational and educational spaces, the goal is to raise public awareness of the importance of local biodiversity and strengthen community ties (1, 5). To ensure that these spaces meet the needs of each community, a citizen participation campaign called "Ideas for My Bicentennial Cultural Park" was implemented, allowing citizens to propose ideas from various perspectives, such as design, culture, citizenship, and the environment (5).
The San Isidro Bicentennial Park, inaugurated in 2020, is an example of this initiative. With its 20,000 square meters of green areas, cultural activities, family recreation zones, and a neighbourhood gathering centre, this park has become a new green lung for the city and a meeting place for people of all ages, with a focus on inclusion for children and the elderly (2, 4, 5). Additionally, it features a municipal community garden of 250 m2 that promotes urban agriculture and offers workshops to teach citizens about sustainable farming practices (6).

The "Line Park" project in Belgrade aims to create a continuous green belt spanning 4.6 kilometres and covering over 48 hectares. As such, the project will revitalize the former railway corridor from "Beton Hala", just below the Belgrade Fortress, to the Pancevac Bridge. Inspired by notable urban parks like New York's "High Line", Moscow's "Zagrađe," and Toronto's "Rail Corridor," it will become a major recreational destination and also help to alleviate the pressures from the city's heavy air pollution and summer heat (Ref. 5, 6).
The park will be divided into ten thematic sections dedicated to aromatic plant and flower gardens, urban gardening and beekeeping, sports facilities, a newly built university campus and more. Additionally, there will be an amphitheatre and facilities for outdoor education. To further integrate green infrastructure, new buildings will have green roofs and walls (Ref. 2,5). Ultimately, the park integrates a number of amenities into the entire city.
The development of the park also introduced innovative co-creation mechanisms in terms of governance and planning. Since Belgrade is part of the multinational CLEVER Cities Initiative, the city's Secretariat for Environmental Protection suggested the use of the site as a pilot test for introducing nature-based solutions in urban planning and with diverse stakeholders' input. Several workshops, focus groups, and consultations took place between 2019 and 2021, which facilitated the diversity of ideas that have been adopted into the official construction plan (Ref. 1, 2). Despite these successes, civil society groups raise concerns over the extraordinary cost of 70 million euros, displacement of Roma communities and the interest of real estate developers that may undermine the project's original cause (Ref. 3, 8).

The Dreamy Draw Recreation Area is located in Phoenix, Arizona. It is situated near the Phoenix Mountains Preserve and provides access to various hiking and biking trails, as well as scenic desert landscapes. The Dreamy Draw Recreation Area project is a comprehensive initiative aimed at enhancing an existing park space. Key improvements include infrastructure upgrades, trail enhancements, and ecological restoration efforts. Through the construction of new ramadas, expanded parking, and increased accessibility features, the project seeks to create a more welcoming and inclusive environment for all visitors. This endeavor was launched as part of the City's Drought Pipeline Project.
One important component of the project is revegetation, which includes the planting of native saguaros to support ecological restoration and improve the park's visual appeal. The project addresses several longstanding challenges, such as limited parking, outdated facilities, and the need for improved trail conditions. By adding more parking spaces, installing modern restrooms, and constructing accessible pathways, the enhancements contribute to a safer and more enjoyable experience for visitors. Additionally, the revegetation efforts help restore natural habitats and mitigate the ecological impacts of urbanization on the local environment.
In total, more than two dozen mature saguaros were replanted in the newly reopened Dreamy Draw Recreation Area, creating an “immediate visual impact,” particularly along Route 51. The Mountain Parks and Preserves Committee held a meeting on Monday evening to review the revegetation work completed over the summer, with the area reopening on September 7.
Of the 58 cacti planted in this project, 27 saguaros—referred to as "reclamation saguaros" by Wayne Colebank, a landscape architect on the project—were previously stored by Phoenix Water Services at the 24th Street Water Treatment Plant near Lincoln Drive and 24th Street. (1-11)