Mapinguari National Park

1. General information

Location and description of the intervention

City or FUA

Porto Velho (FUA)

Region

Latin America and the Caribbean

Native title of the NBS intervention

Parque Nacional Mapinguari

Short description of the intervention

Mapinguari National Park, located in the Amazon region of Brazil, is a protected area distinguished by its rich biodiversity and vast expanse of untouched tropical rainforest (2). It was officially created on June 5, 2008, by decree, covering an area of 1,776,914.18 hectares (2). The Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio) manages the park. It is linked to a management plan encompassing several nearby conservation units and their areas of influence (2, 3). Its main goal is to preserve the valuable natural ecosystems and scenic landscapes of the Purus-Madeira interfluvial region, which includes savanna enclaves (2, 3). The ecoregion where it is located has a high priority for botanical conservation due to parameters such as species richness and endemism (3). Additionally, the area presents great environmental heterogeneity, with several isolated and unique ecosystems, aspects that have been considered for fostering scientific research and public visitation, with programs for environmental education, recreation in contact with nature, and ecotourism (3). On March 8, 2013, an advisory council for the park was established to involve various stakeholders in decision-making and the effective conservation of the park (2), and in 2018 a Management Master Plan was established, seeking to develop an integrated approach for the protection and proper management of the region, especially considering the socio-environmental impacts of the construction of the BR-319 highway and the deforestation caused by fires, the expansion of soybean cultivation, land appropriation (7) and cattle ranching from the neighbouring state (3, 10). It was established as a Natural Park in 2008, but over the years it has undergone changes in land regulations, adding or decreasing its size as certain mining activities have been allowed in the buffer zone (2)

Website of the intervention

https://uc.socioambiental.org/en/arp/4968

Principal problems

Environmental Degradation

Biodiversity loss

Deforestation and forest degradation

Soil degradation and loss

Land use and Socio-economic change

Agriculture/ crop production

Resource Scarcity and Competition

Land rights conflicts

Over-exploitation of natural resources (water resources, overgrazing, fisheries, mangroves, fore products)

Other

Please specify other principal problem

Deforestation related to infrastructure development (highways and hydroelectric) (7, 10)

Implementation area characterization

Climate

Tropical (Tropican rainforest, tropical monsoon, tropical savanna)

Ecosystem

Tropical rainforest

Address

Mapinguari National Park - Av. Lauro Sodré, 6500 - Aeroporto, Porto Velho - RO, 76803-260, Brazil
Porto Velho
Brazil

Location

Point location, which indicates where the NBS takes place

Area boundary (map-based)

Total area

17769100000.00m²

NBS area

17769100000.00m²

Area description

Periurban (both urban and rural environments are present)

Freshwater landscape (e.g. river, lake)

Type of area before implementation of the NBS

Natural Heritage Area/Untouched nature

Timeline of intervention

Start date of the intervention (planning process)

2008

Start date of intervention (implementation process)

2008

End date of the intervention

2018

Present stage of the intervention

Other

Please specify "other" stage of the intervention

It was established as a Natural Park in 2008, but over the years it has undergone changes in land regulations, adding or decreasing its size. In addition to changes in management processes (2)

2. Objectives of the intervention

Objectives of the intervention

Goals of the intervention

Ensure the integrity of the rainforest ecosystems and protect them as a barrier to deforestation in the Amazon (2, 3, 11)
Support the conservation of Purus-Madeira interfluve's protected areas, maintaining their connectivity (2, 3, 11)
Preserve the Cerrado and Campinarana enclaves, protecting their biodiversity and scenic beauty (11)
Safeguard the headwaters of key rivers to ensure water quality for biodiversity and local communities (11)
Conserve natural resources in the southern Purus-Madeira for ecosystem services like carbon storage and biodiversity maintenance (11)
Protect significant geological features, such as the Três Irmãos and Candomblé mountains (11)
Safeguard isolated species populations from the Brazilian Central Cerrado in the Purus-Madeira interfluve (11)
Protect threatened species like the jaguar and giant anteater (11)
Promote ecotourism and adventure tourism to contribute to socio-economic development while conserving biodiversity (11)
Encourage sustainable development of local communities through nature conservation and environmental education (11)
Generate knowledge on the region's socio-biodiversity through research and information dissemination (11)

Key Priorities

Biodiversity (conservation and/or restoration)

Sustainability challenge(s) addressed

Climate action for adaptation, resilience and mitigation (SDG 13)

Climate change mitigation

Environmental quality

Air quality improvement

Green space, habitats and biodiversity (SDG 15)

Green space creation and/or management

Habitat and biodiversity conservation

Water management (SDG 6)

Improvements to water quality

Water security

Inclusive and effective governance (SDG 16)

Effective management

Social justice, cohesion and equity (SDG 10)

Environmental education

Economic development and employment (SDG 8)

Tourism support

Sustainable consumption and production (SDG 12)

Food scarcity / security

Climate change mitigation: What activities are implemented to realize the conservation goals and targets?

Increase the availability of green urban space for carbon storage (street tree cover)

Implement sustainable forest management measures or protect existing old-growth forests to increase carbon sinks and/or protect existing carbon sinks.

Raise public awareness of behaviours, lifestyle and cultural changes with mitigation potential

Habitats and biodiversity conservation: What types of conservation goals are / were defined for the NBS intervention?

Genetic-focused

Species-focused

Ecosystem-focused

Habitats and biodiversity conservation: What activities are implemented to realize the conservation goals and targets?

Protect and enhance urban habitats

Preserve and strengthen existing habitats and ecosystems

Reduce negative impacts and avoid the alteration/damage of ecosystem

Protect species

Undertake specific measures to protect species

Undertake specific measures to protect native species

Undertake specific measures to protect endangered species

Undertake specific measures to protect valued species

Means for conservation governance

Manage biological resources for conservation and sustainable use

Raise public awareness

Public engagement

Create and use scientific knowledge for conservation

Capacity building

Implementation activities and NBS focus

Implementation activities

The boundaries of the park were established according to Law 12249 in 2010. Under this regulation, some 180,900 hectares were added to the reserve. In 2013, a consultative council for the park was established, seeking to involve diverse stakeholders in decision-making and effective conservation of this biodiversity spot in Brazil's Amazon region (2, 3). And in 2017, the composition of the Mapinguari National Park Advisory Council was modified in the states of Amazonas and Rondônia.
In 2018 the Mapinguari National Park Management Plan was approved (3). The actions proposed in this plan were developed through a collaborative planning process involving key stakeholders, including managers, local and regional institutions, advisory council representatives, and civil organizations. This process contributed to a strategic conceptual model that considers the environmental, social, political, and cultural issues, ensuring more effective and efficient management of the protected area (11). This conceptual model focuses on conservation targets, ecosystem services and well-being objectives (11). Actions have focused on the generation of programs oriented towards Protection; Management, Administration and Institutional Strengthening; Research and Monitoring; Environmental Education and Public Use (11).

Type of NBS project

Management and improved protection of rivers and other blue areas

River rehabilitation/ restoration

Upper watershed restoration and management

Ecological restoration of ecosystems

Soil remediation and revegetation

Restoration and protection of ecosystems (including water ecosystems)

Protection of natural ecosystems

Expansion of protected areas

Habitat conservation

Creating nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, or biodiversity hotspots to conserve unique ecosystems

Monitoring and maintenance of habitats and/or biodiversity

Habitat mapping, restoration and monitoring-focused management

3. NBS domains, ES and scale

NBS domain and interventions

Ecological domain(s) where the NBS intervention(s) is/are implemented

Blue infrastructure

Rivers/streams/canals/estuaries

Riverbank/Lakeside greens

Parks and urban forests

Large urban parks or forests

Amenities offered by the NBS

Sports areas and equipment

Educational or biodiversity trails

Complementing infrastructure (bathrooms, café)

Viewing and outlook points

Other

Please specify other amenities offered by the NBS

Picnic areas (2), Camping spots (4)

Design elements for well-being

Visual elements (e.g., expansive views, scenic views, natural light, diverse vegetation)

Auditory elements (e.g., birdsong, water features, quiet areas, rustling leaves)

Tactile elements (e.g., natural materials like wood or stone, exposure to sunlight)

Services

Expected ecosystem services delivered

Provisioning services

Food for human consumption (crops, vegetables)

Raw materials

Water (surface and ground water for drinking and non-drinking purposes)

Medicinal resources

Genetic materials from all biota

Regulating services

Local climate regulation (temperature reduction)

Air quality regulation

Water purification / filtration

Habitat and supporting services

Habitats for species

Maintenance of genetic diversity

Cultural services

Tourism

Aesthetic appreciation

Recreation

Mental and physical health and wellbeing

Intellectual interactions (scientific and / or educational)

Physical and experiential interactions with plants and animals

Scale

Spatial scale

Meso-scale: Regional, metropolitan and urban level

Beneficiaries

Demographics in implementation area

9.1% (1,775.4 km²) of the park is located in Porto Velho, the capital of the state of Rondônia. With an estimated population of 494,000 in 2014, it is the most populous municipality in Rondônia and the fourth in the North Region, after Manaus, Belém, and Ananindeua (10). The regional socio-economic structure in which Mapinguari NP is inserted can be classified as metropolitan, of regional scope, nucleated in the urban area of Porto Velho, which concentrates the secondary and tertiary economic sectors, forming a large contingent of population with incomes from typically urban productive activities, surrounded by a large rural periphery, with low occupation density and agricultural specialization (10).

Socio-economic profile of the area

Unknown

Communities vulnerable to environmental hazards or climate change impacts

Unknown

Primary Beneficiaries

Researchers/University

Citizens or community groups

Coastal-dependent communities (e.g. small-scale fishers, coastal farmers, and indigenous peoples)

Marginalized groups

Specify primary beneficiaries

Scientific and research communities, as scientific research is promoted within the park because of the rich biodiversity of this region (2, 3). The local community would benefit from the implementation of income alternatives and local enterprises associated with ecotourism (11).
Community in general, through environmental education, ecotourism and recreation activities (2, 3).
Considering the relationship that exists between the people living downstream of the rivers that originate within Mapinguari NP and flow outside the Conservation Unit, especially in the area that falls within the territory of the State of Amazonas, some goals have been established to maintain the balance and quality of the environment in its natural state, guaranteeing water quality and air quality, contributing directly to the health of the people living in the immediate surroundings of Mapinguari NP (10).

Marginalized groups

Indigenous communities

Other

Please specify "other marginalized group"

Rural communities (10)

Measures for inclusion of marginalised groups

The development of an advisory council's activities started as a dynamic management tool that seeks to strengthen social action when it comes to establishing the management and the goals of the project (10). In this process, a diverse group of social actors were included, organised or not in rural producers' associations, cooperatives or community groups that have varying degrees of relationship with the Conservation Unit. Included in this category are mainly the residents of federal settlements, associations of rural producers with an emphasis on livestock and agriculture in the eastern region of the Conservation Unit, Indigenous communities and self-sustaining communities (10)

Specify measures taken for vulnerable or marginalized communities

Targeted outreach and engagement efforts with vulnerable or marginalized communities to understand concerns or identify risks

Implementation of specific programs to address the needs of these communities

Collaboration with local community organizations or advocacy groups representing these communities

Other beneficiaries

Local wildlife (e.g., birds, pollinators)

Native plant vegetation

Endangered species (flora and fauna)

Natural habitats (e.g. wetland, forests, coastal areas)

Ecosystem services (e.g. improved air quality, water purification)

4. Governance and financing

Governance

Governance arrangements

Government-led

Please specify the roles of the specific government and non-government actor groups involved in the initiative

The National Government is the initiator actor, and it is managed by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation - ICMBio (8). It has a Mapinguari National Park Advisory Council, made up of sectors representing the Public Authorities and Civil Society (8), to ensure the fulfilment of the Master Plan goals. The public administration members include institutions like INCRA, UNIR, FUNAI, DNPM, DNIT, and various state and municipal environmental and infrastructure agencies. Civil society representatives include rural associations, agricultural support organizations, educational institutions, and local communities (10)

Key actors - initiating organization

National government

Public sector institution

Key actors - Other stakeholders involved (besides initiating actors)

Local government/municipality

Public sector institution

Non-government organisation/civil society

District/neighbourhood association

Citizens or community group

Researchers/university

Stages of citizen and community engagement

Planning and design (e.g. site selection, identification of key priorities)

Feedback during project implementation (e.g. review sessions)

Monitoring and evaluation of project outcomes

Level of citizen and community engagement

High

Community empowerment or capacity-building initiatives

Implementation of educational programs, workshops or trainings

Formation of community-led groups responsible for the the implementation, maintenace or monitoring of the project

Creation of collaborative decision-making processes that actively involve community members

Participatory methods/forms of stakeholder involvement (all stakeholders)

Deliberative decision-making processes (e.g., consensus building, deliberative polling)

Dissemination of information and education

Consultation (e.g. workshop, surveys, community meetings, town halls)

Co-management/Joint management

Uncommon actors ("Missing actors")

Community & Social Groups

Activist groups (e.g. climate, environment, justice, etc)

Minority rights organizations/ representatives

Indigenous peoples or Indigenous rights organizations

Public Services

Emergency services (fire brigades)

Schools

Ministry of Defence / military and law enforcement authorities

Private Sector

Farmers and fishery organisations or companies

Other

Please specify other missing actor

National Indigenous Foundation, Department of Mineral Production, National Department of Transport Infrastructure (8)

Land owners

Other

Please specify other landowner

State ownership and there are Indigenous settlements in the boundaries of the area (7)

Policy drivers

NBS intervention implemented in response to a Regional Directive/Strategy

Unknown

NBS intervention implemented in response to a national regulations/strategy/plan

Yes

Please specify the national regulations/strategy/plan

Art. 29 of Law No. 9.985, of July 18, 2000, as well as Art. 17 to 20 of Decree No. 4.340, of August 22, 2002, which regulates its designation as a protected area. In addition, ICMBio's Normative Instruction No. 11, of June 8, 2010, which regulates the guidelines, norms and procedures for the formation and functioning of the Advisory Councils in the Federal Conservation Units.

If there is a relevant strategy or plan, please specify the theme/type of the plan

National Biodiversity Strategy or Action Plan

NBS intervention implemented in response to a local regulation/strategy/plan

Unknown

Mandatory or voluntary intervention

Mandatory (based on policy)

Intervention is mandatory

Environmental regulation

Enablers & Barriers

Type of enablers

Governance innovations (such as public private partnerships)

City network or regional partnerships focused on climate change, sustainability, GI or NBS in the city

Please provide details (e.g, name of the plan or strategy) for the selected policies or initiatives.

This initiative has promoted the social management of the park by establishing participatory mechanisms between various actors from the public sector and civil society (2, 10).

Governace and decison-making instruments

Legislative and regulatory instruments (e.g. laws, strategies, regulations or restrictions)

Strategic instruments (e.g. GI strategies, green space strategy or plans)

Joint regional planning between municipalities (e.g. inter-municipal exchange platforms, regional plans for environmental management)

Public - community agreement (e.g. citizen science programs; citizen assemblies)

Public - private business agreement (e.g. public private collaborations, public-private-partnerships (PPP))

Educational and knowledge sharing instruments (e.g. science/ living labs, awareness raising campaigns, specific educational programs, green hubs)

Arrangements for governance cooperation

Formal coordination mechanisms to oversee project implementation and decision-making (e.g., multi-stakeholder steering committees, working groups)

Barriers

The park's extension was reduced, allowing certain mining activities in the buffer zone (2). In addition, the park is facing illegal loggers who are deforesting the area (5). Illegal land grabbers are trying to legalize 120,000 square meters located between the park and the conservation area, which traditionally belongs to the Mura (7). The main threats to the area are deforestation by soybean monocultures, cattle ranching, mining, hunting, forest fires (3), and the impact of the BR-319 road construction (2, 3), fishing, Brazil nut and açaí extractivism (10). Additionally, the effects of the implementation of the Jirau and Santo Antônio hydroelectric power plants (HPPs), located in the region surrounding the Mapinguari NP, are also reflected in the environments of the UC, with a loss of biological diversity, mainly aquatic and in forest areas, sedimentation of watercourses and stress on the water table (10). It faces immediate threats of invasion and illegal withdrawal of resources which are advancing the agricultural frontier in the region (10)

Financing

Total cost

Unknown

Please specify total cost (EUR)

Unknown

What is/was the Cost/Budget (EUR) of the NBS or green infrastructure elements?

Unknown

Source(s) of funding

Public national budget

Other funding sources are unclear

Type of fund(s) used

Earmarked public budget

Non-financial contribution

Yes

Who provided the non-financial contribution?

Public authorities (e.g. land, utility services)

Type of non-financial contribution

Provision of land

Co-finance for NBS

Unknown

Entrepreneurship opportunities

Yes

What entrepreneurship opportunities have arisen from the NBS project?

Eco-tourism or nature-based tourism ventures

Sustainable agriculture or agroforestry businesses

Biodiversity monitoring and conservation services

Sustainable transportation services (e.g., bike-sharing programs, electric vehicle rentals)

Other

Please specify other type of entrepreneurship opportunity

The park offers income generation for local communities through services like research support (10)

What types of actors are leading the entrepreneurship activities linked to the NBS project?

Local community groups/ citizens

What types of support are provided to entrepreneurs engaged in NBS-related activities?

Unknown

Business models

Risk reduction model

Green heritage model

Which of the involved actors was motivated by this model?

Public actor (e.g. municipality)

5. Evaluation and learning

Impacts, benefits

Environmental impacts

Water management and blue areas

Enhanced protection and restoration of freshwater ecosystems

Achieved enhanced protection and restoration of freshwater ecosystems

Green space and habitat

Increased green space area

Achieved increased green space area

Increase in protected green space areas

Achieved increase in protected green space areas

Increased number of protection areas

Achieved increased number of protection areas

Increased number of species present

Achieved increased number of species present

Increased presence and recovery of wild species

Achieved increased presence and recovery of wild species

Description of environmental benefits

-Enhanced protection and restoration of freshwater ecosystems: "Blue Areas of Conservation Interest and Public Use in Mapinguari NP: Mucuim River, Punicici and Ciriquiqui Rivers Coti River" (10)
-Increased green space area: "Mapinguari National Park was officially created on June 5, 2008, by decree, covering an area of 1,776,914.18 hectares." (1)
-Increase in protected green space areas: "Mapinguari National Park was officially created on June 5, 2008, by decree, covering an area of 1,776,914.18 hectares." (1) "Mapinguari National Park in the Amazon region of Brazil, with its rich biodiversity, is a protected area with a vast expanse of untouched rainforest." (2)
-Increased number of protection areas: "The Mapinguari National Park (NP) was created by Decree no. 5 June 2008, with an approximate area of 1,572,422ha and enlarged by approximately 180,900ha." (10) "Mapinguari National Park in the Amazon region of Brazil, with its rich biodiversity, is a protected area with a vast expanse of untouched rainforest." (2)
-Increased number of species present: "Environmental studies for the creation of the park indicated the presence of the primate Callicebus stephennashi (zogue-zogue). Recently a new species of bird (crow) was discovered that endemically inhabits transitional environments between the natural fields and the Ombrophilous Forest." (3)
.Increased presence and recovery of wild species: "Over the years, studies in the park have led to numerous scientific discoveries. These include the identification of new species and an understanding of the complex interactions between species and their environment." (2)

Environmental impact indicators

Green space area created (in ha)

1,776,914.18

Total area of protected or secured natural areas (in ha)

1,776,914.18

Economic impacts

Generation of other type of work opportunities (e.g. voluntary, work for rehabilitation)

Achieved generation of other type of work opportunities (e.g. voluntary, work for rehabilitation)

More sustainable tourism

Expected more sustainable tourism

Increase in agricultural production (for profit or not)

Achieved increase in agricultural production (for profit or not)

Description of economic benefits

-Generation of other type of work opportunities (e.g. voluntary, work for rehabilitation: "Consolidate the Mapinguari NP volunteer program, according to priorities, within 3 years of approval of the Management Plan - Program consolidated and executed" (11)
-More sustainable tourism: "we see the importance that ecotourism can have for that region and according to PARNA Mapinguari's map of public use attractions present in its management plan, we have some existing or potential activities for the park, such as Cycling, motorized. trails (4x4), short-distance hikes, wildlife observation, long-distance hikes, free camping, canoeing, diving, kayaking, camping, mountain biking, tree climbing, stand up, ballooning, motorized hang gliding and beach tourism." (6)
-Increase in agricultural production (for profit or not): "The park's ecosystems support the reproduction of fish species vital for local communities, who depend on fishing for both food and income" (10)

Social and cultural impact indicators

Other indicators

Fourteen civil society sensitization meetings were held in 2011-2012, attended by approximately 445 participants in the three municipalities covered by the park (10)

Evidence for use of assessment

Presence of an assessment, evaluation and/or monitoring process

Yes

Actors involved in the assessment, monitoring or evaluation of NBS impacts

Regional government

Presence of indicators used in reporting

Yes

Type of indicators

Output indicators

Process indicators

Progress indicators

Presence of monitoring/evaluation reports

No evidence in public records

Availability of a web-based monitoring tool

No evidence in public records

Name of any specific impact assessment tools

Unknown

Use of GIS in mapping impacts

Yes

Link to GIS monitoring data

https://uc.socioambiental.org/en/arp/4968

Cost-benefit analysis

Unknown

Transparency

Meetings with stakeholders’ representatives

Inclusion of diverse stakeholders in project governance processes (e.g. planning, implementation, monitoring, etc.)

Community forums for information sharing and encouraging the participation of marginalized groups

Online disclosure of technical reports (e.g. project documents, reports, or data)

Justice

Community satisfaction

Mixed: Feedback and reports show a combination of positive and negative sentiments regarding satisfaction with the NBS project within the community.

Description of locals satisfaction with the project

There is positive feedback from visitors to the site, as it is a well-preserved place with tourist facilities. The possibility of having access to this ecosystem is highlighted. However, due to increasing deforestation by illegal loggers, the indigenous communities in the area are fighting for the government to fulfill its promise to demarcate their territory so that the reserve will be respected. Most of the land claimed by the Mura overlaps with Mapinguari Park by 315,000 hectares (7).

Trade-offs & Negative impacts

Unknown

Please specify Trade-offs & Negative impacts Selected

Unknown

Measures to prevent gentrification or displacement

Unknown

High-quality & Transformative NBS

Multiple impacts delivery (climate, biodiversity, just community)

Goal setting and impacts delivery

In the planning phase, the project aimed to address issues in all 3 key priority areas, but impacts were not delivered in all three key areas.

Reaching original project goals

Most of the project goals were achieved

Long-term perspective

Yes

Cost-effective solutions

Unknown

Equitable impacts

C. Unknown

Transformative capacity

Ecological change (e.g. ecosystem functions and their distribution)

Magnitude of change

Reformist: by focusing on addressing underlying drivers of change but failing to address the problem structurally or systemically

Application of lessons learned

Unknown

Perception of Environmental Change

Unknown

6. Sources

References

UNEP-WCMC; IUCN (2024). Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) and World Database on Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures (WD-OECM). Accessed on September 24, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];

Global National Parks (n.d.). Parque Nacional Mapinguari. Accessed on September 24, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];

Unidades de Conservação no Brasi (n.d.). Parque Nacional Mapinguari. Accessed on September 24, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];

Hyde, D. (2024). Mapinguari: o parque do guardião. [Source link] [Archive];

Money Times (2021). Incêndios voltam a crescer na Amazônia com desmatamento da floresta. Accessed on September 24, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];

Aguiar, L.R.; Lima, T.R.; Lima, R.A. (2024). O ecoturismo como alternativa de desenvolvimento sustentável no Parque Nacional Mapinguari: uma revisão sistemática. Accessed on September 24, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];

McNichols-Torroledo, A. (2020). Los Mura y su guerra ancestral para proteger la Amazonia. Accessed on September 24, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];

Infraestrutura de Chaves Públicas Brasileira - ICP-Brasil (2013). Diario Oficial da Uniao. Accessed on September 24, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];

Infraestrutura de Chaves Públicas Brasileira - ICP-Brasil (2008). Diario Oficial da Uniao. Accessed on September 24, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];

10.

EQUIPE DE PLANEJAMENTO DO ICMBIO (2018). PLANO DE MANEJO DO PARQUE NACIONAL DO MAPINGUARI – RO/AM. Accessed on September 24, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];

11.

Hangae, L., D'Amico, A., Fernandes, M., Blos, L., Faria, L., Moraes, L., Coutinho, E. (2018). PLANO DE MANEJO DO PARQUE NACIONAL DO MAPINGUARI – RO/AM. VOLUME II - PLANEJAMENTO . Accessed on October 4, 2024, [Source link] [Archive];

Comments and notes

Public Images

View of the river in the National Park Mapinguari

Global National Parks

View of the river in the National Park Mapinguari

Global National Parks